# M — Inca Glossary

> From the Inca Glossary by Patt O'Neill (© 2007, 2008, 2014).
> Web page: https://incaglossary.com/m
> 230 terms. Each term heading links to that term's own Markdown file.

## [maca, maca-maca, maino, ayak chichira, ayak willku](https://incaglossary.com/m/maca.md)

(n) *Lepidium
meyenii*. Maca is
something of a unique, wonder crop. The only cruciferae known to have
been domesticated in the Americas, it is found only in Peru, growing at
altitudes over 4,000 meters, where no other crop gives reliable yields.
It is extremely hardy and thrives in this inhospitable environment,
which is characterized by regular frosts and mean monthly maximum
temperatures under 12 degrees C during the growing season. The maca
root varies widely in color from yellow and whitish red to black. It
has long held a reputation among local people for its miracle
properties. It is credited with energizing mind and body, reducing
stress, strengthening the immune system, balancing hormone levels,
increasing libido and sexual stamina, enhancing fertility in men, and
helping to mitigate the negative effects of menopause in women.
Experiments have also found maca to contain glucosinolates, substances
that prevent the development of cancerous cells. Traditionally the root
is boiled, and then mixed with fruit juice and milk to make a thick
broth. The fermented juice is also sometimes mixed with other liquors
or used in desserts. The root is processed to make flour for bread and
biscuits, dried powder, and gelatinized capsules. [CIPC] Darker
colored maca roots (red, purple, black) contain significant amounts of
natural iodine that may avoid the growth of goiters resulting from
consumption of the lighter colored maca. Black maca is considered the
strongest in energy and stamina-promoting properties, being both sweet
and slightly bitter in taste. Red maca is becoming popular with many
people, and has been clinically shown to reduce prostate size in rats.
Small-scale clinical trials performed in men have suggested that maca
extracts can improve semen quality, and boost libido. [WIKI]

---

**It
is cited that maca was eaten by Inca imperial warriors before battles.
Their legendary strength allegedly was imparted by the preparatory
consumption of copious amounts of maca, fueling formidable warriors.
After a city was conquered, the women had to be protected from the Inca
warriors, as reportedly they became ambitiously virile from eating such
quantities of maca.**[WIKI]

---

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/maca.jpg — Maca plants. [CIPC]

## [machacausa](https://incaglossary.com/m/machacausa.md)

(n) The
snake louse, a [mariri](https://incaglossary.com/m/mariri.md) used in [marupa](https://incaglossary.com/m/marupa.md) sorcery as
well as by healers to convey messages. [AYV]

## [Mach'ácuay, mach'aqway, mach'acuay](https://incaglossary.com/m/machacuay.md)

(n) The Dark Cloud Constellation of the
serpent. Its earthly counterpart is probably *Tachymenis
peruviana*, the only
indigenous snake above 12,000 feet. However, the historical literature
mentions that inhabitants of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
empire living in the Amazon brought huge reptiles ([amarus](https://incaglossary.com/a/amaru.md)) to the
Inca as tribute. Mach'ácuay is observed at the beginning of the rainy
season. Because the snake is equated with the rainbow, there is a
coincidence of reptilian behavior with the water cycle and the heavenly
cycle. It is believed that rainbows arise from a spring and the other
end descends into a spring; the rainbow appears and disappears with the
rain. The rainbow is seen as a two-headed snake. Snakes come out of the
earth during rain so they do not drown and return when the rain ends.
The periodicity of the celestial serpent's rising out of the earth and
reentering it during the night brackets the rainy season. There is
synchronicity between Mach'ácuay, [k'uychi](https://incaglossary.com/k-prime/kuychi.md), and
terrestrial serpents in the Andes. [ACES] (*See*, [yana phuyu](https://incaglossary.com/y/yana-phuyu.md), [pachatira](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachatira.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mach'acuay.jpg — Mach'áquay (Tachymenis peruviana)

## [machasqa, machaq](https://incaglossary.com/m/machasqa.md)

(adj) Drunk. (n) Drinker. [QP]

## [machay](https://incaglossary.com/m/machay.md)

(v) To get drunk. [QP]

## [mach'ay](https://incaglossary.com/m/machay-2.md)

(n) Sacred caves from which it was believed the ancestors came and in
which the mummies ([mallquis](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallqui.md))
of the dead were placed.  [MAN]
[ROR]
(*See*,
 [Cajatambo](https://incaglossary.com/c/cajatambo.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/machay.jpg — Amaru Mach'ay near cusco and Sacsahuaman, a sculpted cave.

## [machinparrani](https://incaglossary.com/m/machinparrani.md)

*See*, catas.

## [machismo](https://incaglossary.com/m/machismo.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Ideology that stresses male supremacy, virility, and power. It
requires men to be providers, protectors, and patrons. [GOL] *Compare*, *marianismo*,
below.

## [machista](https://incaglossary.com/m/machista.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Full of machismo; a male chauvinist. [GOL]

## [machu](https://incaglossary.com/m/machu.md)

(adj) Ancient, old. (n) Old man. An ancient spirit, either malevolent
or benevolent. [ROR]
[RS]

## [Machukuna](https://incaglossary.com/m/machukuna.md)

(n) Old
Ones; quasi-demonic survivors of a previous race. [THLH] Ancient
beings; ancestors; departed loved ones; also commonly referred to as
Machula Aulanchis (see below). [PSPM]

## [machula](https://incaglossary.com/m/machula.md)

(adj)
Old. [RS]

## [Machula Aulanchis](https://incaglossary.com/m/machulaaulanchis.md)

(n) The
Old Grandfathers; the benevolent aspect of the [Machukuna](https://incaglossary.com/m/machukuna.md) (sp). A
more general and less personal category of ancestor; they have been
dead much longer and lack individuality, like the bones mixed together
in the communal pile of the cemetery. [THLH] Benevolent
old ones. Ancient beings; ancestors; departed loved ones. [PSPM] Our
ancestors, the ancestors of us *all*; revered,
benevolent old ones seen as teachers, protectors, and friends; departed
loved ones, spiritual teachers, healers, and [Sapa Inkas](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md) such as [Wascar](https://incaglossary.com/w/wascar.md). [ANON1]

## [Machu Picchu](https://incaglossary.com/m/machupicchu.md)

(n) Literally, *old
peak*,
the name of one of the most sacred of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
sites. It is home of the talking heads and represents the cosmos on
Earth. [JLH]

Built by [Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacutiinca.md),
it served as a royal estate and sacred site until just before the
arrival of the Spanish and remained hidden and forgotten until
rediscovered in 1911 by Yale archaeologist Hiram Bingham. It contains
several sites of archeological importance, including the [inti watana](https://incaglossary.com/i/intiwatana.md)
and the [Temple of the Three Windows](https://incaglossary.com/t/templeofthethreewindows.md). [MAN]
A Spanish registrar in the colonial archives in Cusco dated 1568 gives
ownership of a city called *Picchu* to Inca Yupanqui. [GMP]
(*See*,
 [Tambo Toco](https://incaglossary.com/t/tambotoco.md).)
Click [here](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1zSVQJ1Te4)
for a Discovery Channel program about Machu Picchu.

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/MachuPicchu.jpg — A different kind of shot of Machu Picchu. You can really see why another meaning for picchu is pyramid. Photo © Silvan Rehfeld
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/Machu_1912&1974.jpg

## [machu wayra](https://incaglossary.com/m/machuwayra.md)

(n)
Literally, *wind
of the old ones*. An
ambivalent sickening/fertilizing wind that blows over a cemetery, yet
is good for the potatoes. [THLH]

## [madre ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/m/madre-ayahuasca.md)

*See*, [ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayahuasca.md).

## [maestro](https://incaglossary.com/m/maestro.md)

Languages: Span

(n) A great [sorcerer](https://incaglossary.com/s/sorcerer.md).
 [THIM]
A teacher of [shamanism](https://incaglossary.com/s/shamanism.md)
or vegetalismo.

## [magical pass](https://incaglossary.com/m/magicalpass.md)

Body
position and physical movement that enable [sorcerers](https://incaglossary.com/s/sorcerer.md)
[and [shamans](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)] to navigate their own [journeys](https://incaglossary.com/j/journey.md). Those who practice magical passes
gather and redeploy energy, reaching optimal states of vitality and
alertness, as well as the opportunity to perceive other worlds. [MP]

## [magnetismo](https://incaglossary.com/m/magnetismo.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Magnetism. Usually used in reference to persons, although it is
conceived of as a force in nature that is channeled through both living
beings and inanimate objects. Magnetic force is one of the innate
essences in the individual. For the person who does not put it to work
in his body, the essence manifests almost automatically. But he who
applies this essence with principles, with wisdom, with knowledge, is a
person whose acts lead to an essential, profound triumph. Magnetism
operates in everything concerning the natural elements. The earth is
crisscrossed by networks of water which are good conductors of the
terrestrial magnetic current which governs the individual. In healing
with laying on of hands there is pain released by the force of magnetic
intuition. The mind corresponds to the electromagnetic field and acts
as the general battery. The encephalic cavity is at the same time the
accumulator and the generator of currents which govern these things. [WOFW]  *See*, [cuenta](https://incaglossary.com/c/cuenta.md), [power](https://incaglossary.com/p/power.md), [huaca](https://incaglossary.com/h/huaca.md) (esp def. 1).

---

**Magnetism
is the activating electrical force of the individual to unite with
others. All have a magnetic point, a magnetic force linked with the
earth, since all are elements of the earth. Thus by forming a magnetic
chain, the attraction of the individuals, the telepathic force, the
intellectual effort, unites all beings along this nexus in a magnetic
fashion; magnetism is the thread and the telepathic force is the
transmission of the elemental force along the thread.**[WOFW] (*Compare*, [ceke](https://incaglossary.com/c/ceke.md).)

---

## [maguey](https://incaglossary.com/m/maguey.md)

*See*, pita.

## [maino](https://incaglossary.com/m/maino.md)

*See*, maca,
above.

## [maize](https://incaglossary.com/m/maize.md)

(n)
According to the legend of [Pachakamac](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacamac.md),
the maize -- and therefore the [sanco](https://incaglossary.com/s/sanco.md) [and
ceremonial [chicha](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chicha.md)] -- was a real *god*
(*see*, Mama Sara,
below), the offspring of [Inti](https://incaglossary.com/i/inti.md) and a
mythological lonely woman, one should not be surprised by the fact that
the conquering Spanish priests were so dumbstruck by the similarities
of the [Situa](https://incaglossary.com/s/situa.md) ceremony to that of the Roman
Catholic Communion. [DYE]

## [mak'alinakuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/makalinakuy.md)

(v) To hug each other. [QP]

## [mak'alliy](https://incaglossary.com/m/makalliy.md)

(v) To hug. [QP]

## [mal aire, mal viento](https://incaglossary.com/m/malaire.md)

Languages: Span

(n) (1) Literally, *evil
air*,
often associated with the spirit of a dead person and can produce
illness. The *aires*
are the owners of and command the spaces where they live and can occupy
trees, rainbows ([k'uychi](https://incaglossary.com/k-prime/kuychi.md)),
thunder, caves and springs ([paqarinas](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarina.md)).
They can cause [soul loss](https://incaglossary.com/s/soulloss.md),
pregnancy, fever, etc. The [vegetalistas](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md)
believe the air is alive and conscious. [AYV]In
 [curandero](https://incaglossary.com/c/curandero.md) lore, a
spirit-power sent to do harm. Mal aire can also suck the blood from
children causing the body to twist and contort. [GOL]  (2)
The term *mal aire* is the origin of the name *malaria* for
the disease caused by living close to the bad air of marshes. [DYE]

## [mal aire de agua](https://incaglossary.com/m/mal-aire-de-agua.md)

Languages: Span

(n) An illness caused by an evil breeze from the water. [AYV]

## [mal aire de difunto](https://incaglossary.com/m/malairededifunto.md)

Languages: Span

(n)
Literally, bad air of the deceased, an illness produced by the spirit
of a deceased person. [AYV] (*See*, [Chai Cullkimama](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chai-cullkimama.md).)

## [malas muertes](https://incaglossary.com/m/malas-muertes.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Literally, *evil
dead*. Renegade
souls of people who have died evil deaths and have committed murder or
incest. Both are crimes against humanity and belong to the realm of
chaos. Such spirits fly through the night and transform into animals.
They have Faustian pacts with the Devil. [GOL] *Compare*, [encanto](https://incaglossary.com/e/encanto.md).

## [mal daño](https://incaglossary.com/m/maldano.md)

,(Span):
(n) Evil harm.

## [males](https://incaglossary.com/m/males.md)

Languages: Span

(n) [pronounced mah-less] Evils. [GOL]

## [mal ojo](https://incaglossary.com/m/mal-ojo.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Evil eye. [GOL]

## [maleficio](https://incaglossary.com/m/maleficio.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Evil act; [sorcery](https://incaglossary.com/s/sorcery.md). [GOL]

## [malero / malera](https://incaglossary.com/m/malero-malera.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Evildoer; [sorcerer](https://incaglossary.com/s/sorcerer.md) (male or
female). [GOL]

## [maligno](https://incaglossary.com/m/maligno.md)

Languages: Span

(n) An evil spirit which usually hovers over quiet spots of
riverbanks in the summer and may be recognized by the high pitched
whistle it gives out. [AYV]

## [malliyachiy](https://incaglossary.com/m/malliyachiy.md)

(v) To share your food or drink with another. [QP]

## [mallki](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallki.md)

*See*,
 [mallqui](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallqui.md).

## [mallku](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallku.md)

(n) Spirit of the condor; leader of a group of condors. [ROR]
(2) Male shamans of the [fifth level](https://incaglossary.com/fg/fifthlevel.md).

(*See*,
 [Inca mallku](https://incaglossary.com/i/incamallku.md).)
(2) Tree. [QNO]

## [mallqui](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallqui.md)

(n) (1) Mummy of an ancestor. The care and veneration of the
lineage [ayllu](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayllu.md) mallquis was central to [Incan](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) religious practice. Usually stored in
caves seen as sacred, at festivals they were dressed in rich clothing,
put on display and offered food and drink. [MAN] Their
souls were thought to keep in touch with the living, so the Inca dead
were well tended. [NGEO3] A
royal mummy, but the word also means *seed*. The
message perhaps is that the dead person was being buried like a seed
for germination in the afterlife, to be reborn out of darkness. [WOFW]
 Ancestral spirit. [GOL] *See*, [cult of the dead](https://incaglossary.com/c/cultofthedead.md). (2) Forest. [QP]
Tree; shrub; bush; plant; also ancestor. [RS] The
tree spirits. As most of the nutrition absorbed by trees is through the
root system, the [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md) feeds the
mallquis with earth from sacred ground. When one is feeling
disconnected from spirit, healing can come through work with a *hatun
mallqui*, or great
tree spirit. Trees are special beings for they are able to feed on [k'anchay](https://incaglossary.com/k-prime/kanchay.md) directly, with roots which
draw minerals from [Pachamama](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama.md) and a
trunk linking heaven and earth. Trees resemble the neuron and can be
likened to the nervous system of the planet. Calling upon the mallquis
anchors both heaven and earth in consciousness. [PSPM] Sacred
tree spirit, fed in [despachos](https://incaglossary.com/d/despacho.md) (ritual
offerings) by the inclusion of mineral elements such as salt and
lodestone (magnetic iron ore); mummy of an Inka or ancestor; one who is
connected to the tree (genealogy) of the Inkas. [ANON1] (*See*,
 [falsa cabeza](https://incaglossary.com/fg/falsacabeza.md), [mummy bundle](https://incaglossary.com/m/mummy-bundle.md).)

---

**It
was customary for the dead to retain their personal possessions. In the

case of royal mummies, that meant keeping their own palaces; their
heirs

were expected to build themselves new ones. There the preserved corpses

would sit in state, cared for by their clan ([panaca](https://incaglossary.com/p/panaca.md)).
To maintain the illusion

that normal life continued, the mummies
would pay social calls on one

another, and on important ceremonial occasions, would be brought out

to attend the festivities in [Cusco's](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md) main
square.** [IAWS]

---

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mallqui.jpg — Mallqui (probably not royal) with [falsa cabeza](https://incaglossary.com/fg/falsacabeza.md)

## [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md)

(n) General name for a female spirit or deity.  All plants,
animals, lakes, rivers, mountains, and meteorological phenomena possess
such a spirit. The suffix *-mama*,
added to the name of any animal, is used to designate a gigantic
prototype of the species or closely associated with them. Disturbing
these animals is dangerous and detrimental to the environment. For
instance, if a great [anaconda](https://incaglossary.com/a/anaconda.md)
believed to be the mother of a lake is killed, the lake will dry up.
Important food plants, psychotropic plants, plants used in medicine and
poisons for hunting and fishing are considered to have especially
strong mamas. [AYV]

## [Mama Allpa, Allpa Mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamaallpa.md)

(n) (n) Earth mother; the womb of our world. [RS]
A fertility goddess depicted with multiple breasts. [EFD]
A harvest and earth goddess. Her many breasts were indicative of
fertility and the nourishing powers of the earth. [WMO]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mama.allpa.jpg — Mama Allpa peers down from her perch on the facade of a women's hospital in Cajamarca.

## [mamacha](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamacha.md)

(n) Female saint. [QP]

## [Mama Coca](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamacoca.md)

(n) The
early Spanish observer Francisco de Toledo, ca. 1570 related a myth of
coca's origin as follows:
“Cocamama
was first a beautiful woman whose body was evil so they killed her,
dividing her in two. From these halves a tree was born, named Cocamama.
Anyone eating these leaves, eats her. We carry her in a bag, which we
cannot open until we have had intercourse with a woman in memory of
her. This tree has many branches, so we call it coca.” (1882, Memorias
Antiguas Historales de Peru.) [PUE]

She is the symbol of our spiritual food. [IGMP]
(See, [Appendix G](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/g)  for
some early history of coca and Western Civilization.)  (*See*,
also, [Mama Sara](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamasara.md), [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/cocamama.jpg — Mama Coca presents the coca bush to the Spanish invaders [EPP]

## [Mama Cocha, Mama Qocha](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamacocha.md)

(n) (1) Sea; ocean. [RS] (2)
 *Sea
Mother*
was the sea and fish goddess, protectress of sailors and fishermen. Her
husband was [Wiracocha](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiracocha.md).
 [EFD]

(3) Commonly used in reference to the spirit of [Lake Titicaca](https://incaglossary.com/l/laketiticaca.md). [PSPM] (*See*,
 [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md).)

## [Mama Cunas](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-cunas.md)

*See*,
 [Mama Kuna](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamakuna.md).

## [Mama Huaco](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-huaco.md)

In
the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) legend [Pachamama](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama.md)
took the form of Mama Huaco, who was mysteriously born without a
begetter and was associated with serpents and rocks. [WOFW]

## [Mama Igneos](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamaigneos.md)

Also
known as Lady Candelaria and Lady of the Three Fires (combustion,
electricity and solar). She is the [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md) of the
Origin of the Fire (sp). [IGMP]

## [Mama Killa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamakilla.md)

(n) The moon, as an expression of the divine feminine. [KOAK]
As wife to the Sun God, the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
revered her as a near-deity. [THIM]
*Mother
Moon*
or *Golden
Mother*
was a marriage, festival and moon goddess and daughter of [Wiracocha](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiracocha.md)
and [Mama Cocha](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamacocha.md),
as well as wife and sister of [Inti](https://incaglossary.com/i/inti.md).
By Inti, she was the mother of [Manco Capac](https://incaglossary.com/m/manco-capac.md), [Pachakamak](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacamac.md), [Con](https://incaglossary.com/c/con.md)
and [Mama Ocllo](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-ocllo.md).
The Empress of the Incan Empire represented here on Earth. [EFD]
She oversaw marriages, feast days and the calendar.
She had her own shrine in the [Qoricancha](https://incaglossary.com/q/qoricancha.md). It was
decorated with sheets of beaten silver and served by its own
priestesses. The Chimu of Ecuador had long venerated the moon as their
principal deity and were less than pleased when she was forced to take
on a secondary role to Inti by the might of the Inca. [IAWS] The symbol
of the divine feminine: emotions, intuition and magic, also of death
and rebirth as it waxes and wanes every month. The term *mania*,
derived from *moon*, means *ecstatic revelation*. [PSPM] The
conscious being we call the moon; mother moon, the keeper of the west,
overseer of heart-related or emotional shifts and also the shifting
ocean waters of the tides. [ANON1] (*See*,
 [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/killa.jpg — The temple to Killa, the moon goddess, at Machu Picchu.

## [Mama Kuna, Mama Cuna](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamakuna.md)

(n) Matrons of the Sun who oversaw the [akllas](https://incaglossary.com/a/aklla.md),
they were themselves the class of aklla known as Guayrur Aklla.
 [HOI]

## [Mamamtúa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamamtua.md)

Languages: Amaz

The
Mother of all human beings. [AYV]
(*See*, [Pachamama](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama.md))

## [mamanchispa q'apaynin](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamanchispa-qapaynin.md)

(n) A
phrase meaning *our
mother's fragrance*. It is
another name for the [coca](https://incaglossary.com/c/coca.md) leaf. [Hallpay](https://incaglossary.com/h/hallpay.md) was
invented, according to folklore, when Our Mother lost her child.
Wandering aimlessly in her grief, she absentmindedly plucked some coca
leaves, chewed on them, and discovered that this eased her pain. Andean
people have chewed coca ever since, for life is hard, especially in the
 [puna](https://incaglossary.com/p/puna.md). Coca
helps alleviate life's pain and draws people together in mutual
support. [THLH]

## [mamani](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamani.md)

(n) Hawk.
[PSL]
[RS]

## [Mama Ocllo](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-ocllo.md)

Wife and
sister of [Manco Capac](https://incaglossary.com/m/manco-capac.md), legendary
founder of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) lineage and founder of [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md).

## [Mama Oello](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-oello.md)

A
mistransliteration of Mama Ocllo. This one is probably a scanning (OCR)
error.

## [Mama Pacha](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-pacha.md)

(n) Earth mother goddess. [Pachakamak](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacamac.md),
the primordial creative spirit, emerged from her.[WMO]
(*See*,
 [Pachamama](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama.md).)

## [mama q'epe](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-qepe.md)

(n) A bundle of ritual paraphernalia wrapped in a colorful cloth. [ROR] (*See*, [q'epe](https://incaglossary.com/q-prime/qepe.md).)

## [Mama Quilla](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-quilla.md)

*See*,
 [Mama Killa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamakilla.md).

## [Mamarit'i](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamariti.md)

(n) The female counterpart of the [apu](https://incaglossary.com/a/apu.md).
The princess of a snow-capped sacred mountain. (*See*,
 [ñust'a](https://incaglossary.com/n/nyusta.md),
 [paqarina](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarina.md),
 [itu apu](https://incaglossary.com/i/ituapu.md).)

## [Mama Sara, Zaramama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamasara.md)

(n) Peruvian goddess of grain. Her name means *grain
mother*
and she was occasionally incarnated in her own fields in the form of
strangely shaped ears of corn or ears that joined in multiple growths.
Sometimes these goddess images were made even more like Mama Sara by
being dressed as human women in a robe and shawl with a silver clasp.
Sometimes, she came to earth in cornstalks which were hung by her
worshippers on willow trees; festive dances were held around the
willows, then the cornstalks were burned, assuring a plentiful supply
of corn. [WPO]
She is the symbol of our physical food. [IGMP]
(*See*,
 [Mama Coca](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamacoca.md), [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/paint42.jpg

## [mana](https://incaglossary.com/m/mana.md)

(adv)
Negation, no, not. [RS]

## [mana allin](https://incaglossary.com/m/mana-allin.md)

(adj) Bad. [QP]

## [mana allin yuyayniyuq](https://incaglossary.com/m/mana-allin-yuyayniyuq.md)

(adj) Stupid. [QP]

## [manan imapas](https://incaglossary.com/m/manan-imapas.md)

(n) Nothing. [QP]

## [manan niy](https://incaglossary.com/m/manan-niy.md)

(v) To deny. [QP]

## [mana puñuy atipay](https://incaglossary.com/m/mana-punuy-atipay.md)

(n) Insomnia. [QP]

## [mana samayniyuq](https://incaglossary.com/m/mana-samayniyuq.md)

(n) Breathlessness. [QP]

## [mana umayoc](https://incaglossary.com/m/manaumayoc.md)

(n) Poor
memory. [DYE] *See*, [ancha umanuan hopik](https://incaglossary.com/a/anchaumanuanhopik.md).

## [manayma circapas](https://incaglossary.com/m/manayma-circapas.md)

(adj) Of
low ability. [DYE]

## [Mancca Pacha](https://incaglossary.com/m/mancca-pacha.md)

Languages: AYM

(n)
The [Ukhupacha](https://incaglossary.com/u/ukhupacha.md). Mancca
means *to
eat*,
therefore, this is named for the aspect of [Pachamama](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama.md) that eats
our heavy energies. [IGMP] (*See*, [mikhuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/mikhuy.md).)

## [Manco Capac](https://incaglossary.com/m/manco-capac.md)

(1) The name of the first [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) king, founder of [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md). Son of [Inti](https://incaglossary.com/i/inti.md), husband/brother of [Mama Ocllo](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama-ocllo.md). Also known as Ayar Manco. [MAN] God of fire and progenitor of the Incas. [GM] He and his brothers (Ayar Anca, Ayar Cachi and Ayar Uchu) and sisters (Mama Ocllo, Mama Huaco, Mama Raua and Mama Cura) lived near Cusco and united their people to conquer the tribes of the Cusco Valley. With his sister-wife, Mama Ocllo, Manco Capac had a son named [Sinchi Roca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sinchiroca.md) (who is believed to be historical). [WIC] Legendary name of the first Inca sent from [Hatun Inti](https://incaglossary.com/h/hatuninti.md). The name derives from [Mallku](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallku.md), meaning *the leader who flies*, and [Qhapaq](https://incaglossary.com/q-prime/qhapaq.md), meaning *the one who has the power.* [IGMP] At the end of his life, he was turned into stone. [IAWS]

(2) The last Incan Emperor was also named Manco Capac. He was the son of [Huayna Capac](https://incaglossary.com/h/huaynacapac.md), and was crowned in 1534 by Francisco [Pizarro](https://incaglossary.com/p/pizarro.md), the Spanish conquistador. He was allowed to rule only as a puppet of the Spanish Empire, however, until he escaped and raised an army, attacking Cusco in 1536. The unsuccessful siege lasted ten months and destroyed the city. Manco Capac then launched a guerilla campaign until being murdered in 1544. (*See*, [Appendix H](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/h).) [WIC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/paint43.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/paint44.jpg

## [manchakuy, mancharikuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/manchakuy.md)

(v) To be afraid. [PSL]

## [manchari](https://incaglossary.com/m/manchari.md)

(n) Fright, one of the reasons for [soul loss](https://incaglossary.com/s/soulloss.md).
 [AYV]

## [mancharichikuyniyuq](https://incaglossary.com/m/mancharichikuyniyuq.md)

(adj) Awesome. Imposing.[RS]

## [mancharisqa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mancharisqa.md)

(adj)
Fearful and frightened. [TGOP]

## [manchay](https://incaglossary.com/m/manchay.md)

(n) Danger. [QP]

## [mandala](https://incaglossary.com/m/mandala.md)

Languages: Sanskrit

(n) Quaternary structuring of mandala constructions is also
a universal characteristic of the human psyche. [WOFW] *See*, [remolina](https://incaglossary.com/r/remolino.md) and [medicine wheel](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicinewheel.md).

## [manguaré](https://incaglossary.com/m/manguare.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) A drum made of a hollow log used as a jungle telegraph and to
invoke deities and wake up the spirits of the ancestors.  [THIM]

## [manqhue chuyma](https://incaglossary.com/m/manqhue-chuyma.md)

Languages: AYM

(n) The interior of the heart or thoughts. [ASD]

## [manqu wasi](https://incaglossary.com/m/manqu-wasi.md)

(n) Temple. [QP]

## [manta](https://incaglossary.com/m/manta.md)

(n)
Blanket. [RS]

## [mañakuq](https://incaglossary.com/m/manakuq.md)

(n) Prayer. [QP]

## [mañakuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/manakuy.md)

(v) To ask for something, to pray. [QP]

## [mañaqa](https://incaglossary.com/m/manaqa.md)

(n)
Offer. Offer of marriage. [RS]

## [mañaway](https://incaglossary.com/m/manaway.md)

(exp) A
polite way of saying “give me;” only used when addressing a single
person or being; e.g., “Pachamama, ama hina munayniykita mañaway” means
“Pachamama, please give me/us your love.” [ANON1]

## [mañawaychis](https://incaglossary.com/m/manawaychis.md)

(exp) As
above in *mañaway*, but for
multiple subjects; e.g., “Apukuna, Mallkikuna, Awkikuna, ama hina
k'anchayniykita mañawaychis” means “Apus, Mallkis, Awkis, please give
me/us your light.” [ANON1]

## [mapacho](https://incaglossary.com/m/mapacho.md)

(n) *Nicotiana
rustica*,
a strong jungle tobacco used ceremonially by [tabaqueros](https://incaglossary.com/t/tabaquero.md)
and other [vegetalistas](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md).
The vegetalista places tobacco as an offering to the [ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayahuasca.md)
spirit before cutting it. [AYV]
The food of the [mariri](https://incaglossary.com/m/mariri.md):
if not nourished with mapacho smoke the mariri can come out of the
mouth of the vegetalista, exposing him to the danger of having it cut
off by a [brujo](https://incaglossary.com/b/brujo.md),
and thus remain unprotected.
[EMM] Wild
Amazonian tobacco commonly made into large hand-rolled cigarettes or
used in small wooden pipes. It is an extremely powerful intoxicant.
When smoked in moderation, it can cause mild euphoria, muscle weakness,
and stupor, then sleep (often with vivid dreams when smoked in excess).
It is an integral part of Amazonian shamanic practice and is used
extensively in healing ceremonies to cleanse the patient [like smudge].
 [ACAI]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mapacho.jpg

## [map'a](https://incaglossary.com/m/mapa.md)

(adj) Awful. [QP]

## [maqchhiy](https://incaglossary.com/m/maqchhiy.md)

(v) To wash (general, not personal). [QP]
(*See*,
 [t'aqsay](https://incaglossary.com/t-prime/taqsay.md)
and [armakuy](https://incaglossary.com/a/armakuy.md).)

## [maque](https://incaglossary.com/m/maque.md)

, macqui,
Maquei, Chilean wineberry: (n) The
leaves are used in throat complaints, to wash mouth ulcers and as a
febrifuge. It has been shown to have a relaxing action on muscular
fibers.  It is used against intestinal tumors, tonsil
inflammation, burns, diarrhea, and as an analgesic. The fruit is rich
in antonians. It is astringent and refreshing; as an infusion is
administered for fever, diarrhea and dysentery. [WFP] The fresh
shoots, crushed and applied to the back and the area of the kidneys,
lessen excessive heat in these parts of the body during fevers; when
chewed, they cleanse and heal sores of the mouth. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/maque.jpg — Maque.

## [Maras](https://incaglossary.com/m/maras.md)

(n) A
tribe/ayllu from the enclave of the same name that held great
importance in the pre-[Inka](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) and
Inka-controlled Andes based on nearby salt mines vital to the economy
of pan-Andean empires. [ANON1] Maras is a
town in the Sacred Valley, 40 kilometers north of Cusco. The town
is well known for its nearby salt evaporation ponds, up-slope, less
than a kilometer west of the town. Also called Salinas de Maras, these
salt-mines have been used for many centuries. The salt mines have been
exploited since Inca times and during the Vice-regency, it was the
largest salt producer of the southern highlands. The people channel the
salt water that bubbles to the surface from a spring called Qoripujio
[Golden Spring] towards man-made wells. From the exposure to the sun,
the water evaporates and the salt remains on the surface to be
transported later to the market to be sold. The view of this complex of
nearly 3000 wells is spectacular. Walking on the ridges between the
wells is a stringent test of balance.[WIKI] *See*,[Appendix N](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/n#maras).

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/maras.jpg — Salt beds at Maras.

## [Maras Toco](https://incaglossary.com/m/marastoco.md)

(n) The *salty
cave*
at Tambo Toco. [NFL] The
cave, as represented as a chamber in the [Ukhupacha](https://incaglossary.com/u/ukhupacha.md),
where one goes to view the deeds and misdeeds of the client, as well as
his/her soul contracts and personal past. [JLH] (*See*,
 [Tambo Toco](https://incaglossary.com/t/tambotoco.md), [Sutic Toco](https://incaglossary.com/s/sutictoco.md)
and [Capac Toco](https://incaglossary.com/c/capactoco.md).)

## [mareación](https://incaglossary.com/m/mareacion.md)

Languages: Span

(n) (1) The visionary effect of [ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayahuasca.md).
(2) Such a vision. [AYV]

## [mareación ciega](https://incaglossary.com/m/mareacionciega.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Literally, *blind vomiting* or *nausea*. [SEES] A blind
dizziness produced by ingesting certain [plant teachers](https://incaglossary.com/p/plantteachers.md). [MSIN]

## [marianismo](https://incaglossary.com/m/marianismo.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Marianism; an ideology that stresses female purity, chastity,
sacrifice, and identification with the Virgin Mary. [GOL]  *Compare*, *machismo*,
above.

## [maripuri](https://incaglossary.com/m/maripuri.md)

(n) The
spider, a [mariri](https://incaglossary.com/m/mariri.md) used in [marupa](https://incaglossary.com/m/marupa.md) sorcery as
well as by healers to convey messages. [AYV]

## [mariri](https://incaglossary.com/m/mariri.md)

(n) (1) Healing stones. [JLH]
(2)
Magical phlegm; an enchantment. Icaros are a form of mariri. The
magical phlegm could be one more element of a postulated [shamanistic](https://incaglossary.com/s/shamanism.md) complex of vast temporal and
geographical amplitude -- perhaps of Amazonian origin -- including the
use of psychotropic plants, the jaguar-transformation motif, and
representations of anacondas and other forest animals. [AYV]
(*See*,
 [runauturuncu](https://incaglossary.com/r/runauturuncu.md).)
The magical phlegm of a [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md)*,*
a rather mysterious substance that can be regurgitated at will, which
work as spiritual and energetical defence. It is the ultimate defensive
weapon of a [curandero](https://incaglossary.com/c/curandero.md).
In essence the mariri is used for protection from [virotes](https://incaglossary.com/v/virote.md):
when a curandero feels he is under attack from a virote, he immediately
calls up his mariri. Like the [icaros](https://incaglossary.com/i/icaro.md),
the mariris can be received either from the plants or from a [maestro](https://incaglossary.com/m/maestro.md). When inherited from another
maestro, the mariri is physically passed on from mouth to mouth, via
the hands. It can be either used as a defense, to return the attack of
an opponent, or to heal. [EMM]
Once the mariri has been "planted" in the initiate, it will grow like a
plant. Its development depends on the length of the [diet](https://incaglossary.com/d/diet.md). [MSIN] 
(*See*,
 [yachay](https://incaglossary.com/y/yachay.md), [mapacho](https://incaglossary.com/m/mapacho.md).)

## [markachana](https://incaglossary.com/m/markachana.md)

(n) A small cave in a ceremonial corral used to burn an offering. Also
called q'oyana. [ROR]

## [Markawasi](https://incaglossary.com/m/markawasi.md)

(n) A
small plateau (about two miles long by a little over half a mile wide)
in the Andes, towering above the town of San Pedro de Casta (50 miles
northeast of Lima), at an elevation of over 12,000 feet supporting
reputed ancient monumental stone sculptures. Here, some claimed, were
to be found the remains of a lost culture that dates back thousands of
years, if not tens of thousands of years or more. Supposedly they
created monumental carvings from the granodiorite cliffs, boulders, and
outcroppings on the top of the plateau – carvings of an anthropomorphic
and zoomorphic nature, including peoples of many different races and
animals found not just in the immediate vicinity, but from other
continents as well. If these reports were true, this would indicate a
pre-Columbian culture that had transoceanic ties, and just perhaps it
represented a branch of the primordial global lost civilization of
which many writers and philosophers have speculated over the centuries.
 [RSN] Click [here](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xoGUg-nF6w) for a video.

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/markawasi.jpg — Stone heads at Markawasi.

## [marmicuña](https://incaglossary.com/m/marmicuna.md)

Languages: AYM

(n) Husband and wife. [ASD]

## [marriage](https://incaglossary.com/m/marriage.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
Marriage was an official ceremony performed by the civil authorities,
and the unions were usually made outside the family bounds. Incestuous
marriage was severely forbidden, except for the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md) himself. (Only the first and the last
three Incas took advantage of this privilege.) However, complete
freedom of choice of partner was limited by strict rules controlling
human migrations, class segregation and economy. Yet there was ample
margin for courtship and marriage for love, and one of the most
beautiful aspects of the Inca culture is the poetry and drama of their
love-laden legends. And to the words and the music of their romantic
poems, they added the powerful effects of magic and [witchcraft](https://incaglossary.com/w/witch.md) aided by a whole score of
aphrodisiacs which are mentioned ... by the chroniclers. The lower
class was monogamous by law, but the men of the elite would have as
many wives and concubines as the Inca rulers allotted them in
accordance with their importance in the community. It is said that some
of the Incas had as many as 300 wives and concubines, although the
first and main wife, the [Qoya](https://incaglossary.com/q/qoya.md), played a
role which far surpassed that of the other women of the realm. [DYE] *See*, [pregnancy](https://incaglossary.com/p/pregnancy.md).

## [marupa](https://incaglossary.com/m/marupa.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) An animal sent by a [sorcerer](https://incaglossary.com/s/sorcerer.md)
to inflict harm. [AYV]
(*See*,
 [hechicería marupa](https://incaglossary.com/h/hechiceria-marupa.md).)

## [marupa machaco](https://incaglossary.com/m/marupa-machaco.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) A mythic, multi-colored serpent whose [icaro](https://incaglossary.com/i/icaro.md)
is sung by [vegetalistas](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md)
who swallow the [virotes](https://incaglossary.com/v/virote.md)
they extract that are made from poisonous snakes, fish quills, or wasp
and scorpion stingers. [AYV]

## [mascca](https://incaglossary.com/m/mascca.md)

(n)
Indian women use the bark of this root to prepare a wash to cleanse and
stimulate hair. Intensely bitter, the bark forms a lather like that of
soap. [REPC] [This
plant was identified as a *polygala*, a large
genus of flowering plants commonly known as milkworts or snakeroots. I
was unable to identify the exact species. -- Patt]

## [masha-yakuruna](https://incaglossary.com/m/masha-yakuruna.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) A [yakuruna](https://incaglossary.com/y/yakuruna.md)
ally of the [murayas](https://incaglossary.com/m/muraya.md),
he teaches them how to rescue people lost in the watery depths. [AYV]

## [mashua, añu](https://incaglossary.com/m/mashua.md)

(n) *Tropaeolum
tuberosum*. A species
of flowering plant grown in the Andes for its edible tuber which is
eaten as a root vegetable. It is a major food source there. Native to
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Mashua has putative anaphrodisiac
effects. It has been recorded by the Spanish chronicler Cobo that
mashua was fed to their armies by the [Inca Emperors](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md), "that they should forget their wives". Studies of male
rats fed on mashua tubers have shown a 45% drop in testosterone levels.
 [WIKI] Mashua is
a traditional diuretic and remedy for kidney ailments. More recently it
has been shown to prevent the development of cancerous cells in
stomach, colon, skin, and prostate. Despite its high nutritional value,
mashua is not widely commercialized. Because it is used in traditional
medicine to regulate libido (the Incas reportedly used it to dampen
sexual desire in campaigning armies), men are reluctant to eat it. [CIPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mashua.jpg

## [masi](https://incaglossary.com/m/masi.md)

(adj) Equal. (n) Comrade; colleague; friend; fellow; peer. [RS]

## [masichakuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/masichakuy.md)

(n) The act of joining two similar energy bubbles. (*See*,
 [yanachakuy](https://incaglossary.com/y/yanachakuy.md), [yanantin](https://incaglossary.com/y/yanantin.md),
 [masintin](https://incaglossary.com/m/masintin.md)).
 [RS]

## [masintin](https://incaglossary.com/m/masintin.md)

(n) A relationship of two similar things. Harmonious relationship
between similar things; homologous. ”[Yanantin](https://incaglossary.com/y/yanantin.md)
is the ring, masantin is the resonance inside the ring.” Masintin is
also a dissimilar quality that is complementary. The [zero point](https://incaglossary.com/z/zeropoint.md)
of this is [ranti](https://incaglossary.com/r/ranti.md).

[JLH]
[RS]

## [maskhay](https://incaglossary.com/m/maskhay.md)

(v) To
look for. [TLD]

## [maskaypacha](https://incaglossary.com/m/maskaypacha.md)

(n) *Looking
for the essence of the cosmos*. (1) The
Inca's headband. [IGMP]
[RS] (2)
Insignia on a head-piece. [TLD] (*See*, [llautu](https://incaglossary.com/ll/llautu.md),
[accorasi](https://incaglossary.com/a/accorasi.md).)

## [mastana, mestana](https://incaglossary.com/m/mastana.md)

(n) A blanket used as a covering for the [mesa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesa.md). [OMQ] (*See*, [lliklla](https://incaglossary.com/ll/lliklla.md), [unkhuña](https://incaglossary.com/u/unkhuna.md).)

## [masteurzo, capuchinas](https://incaglossary.com/m/masteurzo.md)

(n) *Tropaeolum
majus*.
 Also known as garden nasturtium, Indian cress or monks cress. the
Peruvian natives frequently employ this plant to treat scurvy and mouth
sores. [REPC]

---

The *Elizabeth
Linnæus Phenomenon*, is the
name given to the phenomenon of "flashing flowers."  Especially at
dusk, these orange flowers may appear to emit small "flashes." Once
believed to be an electrical phenomenon, it is today thought to be an
optical reaction in the human eye caused by the contrast between the
orange flowers and the surrounding green. The phenomenon is named after
Carl Linnaeus' daughter, who discovered it at age 19. [WIKI]

---

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/masteurzo.jpg — Masteurzo, or nasturtium, foliage and flowers. [WIKI]

## [mast'ay](https://incaglossary.com/m/mastay.md)

(v) (1) Make oneself available to. To reveal oneself. (2) To
spread out, to extend. [PSL]

(n) An aperture.

## [matapalo](https://incaglossary.com/m/matapalo.md)

(n)
*Clusia trioecia***.**
 In their
churches, Peruvians burn the beautiful resin that flows abundantly from
these trees instead of olive incense. The resin, in amorphous masses
often weighing a pound and a half, is between reddish and golden in
color, and nearly transparent. It is very shiny and hard, even when
freshly gathered from the tree. [PFU] This
strangler [an epiphytic vine or tree whose aerial roots extend down the
trunk of a supporting tree and coalesce around it eventually strangling
the tree. [WWPE]] yields a
resin which is highly esteemed in Peru for curing ruptures and
fractures. [REPC]

## [matecllu](https://incaglossary.com/m/matecllu.md)

(n) A
water plant whose leaf juice was used to clear the eyes. A poultice
made from the bruised leaves was very effective in correcting some
forms of blindness and relieving eye pain. [ACA]

## [Mauqallqta](https://incaglossary.com/m/mauqallqta.md)

(n) The name of the modern town near the sites of [Pacaritambo](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacaritambo.md)
and [Tambo Toco](https://incaglossary.com/t/tambotoco.md).
 [MAN]

## [maycha](https://incaglossary.com/m/maycha.md)

(n) (1) Medicinal high-altitude plant also used to start fires for
offerings. (2) A pejorative reference to a healer of dubious ability. [ROR]

## [mayco](https://incaglossary.com/m/mayco.md)

Languages: AYM

(n) King. [ASD]

## [maycoña](https://incaglossary.com/m/maycona.md)

Languages: AYM

(n) Kingdom. [ASD]

## [Mayta Capac](https://incaglossary.com/m/maytacapac.md)

The name of the legendary fourth [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
emperor of the later 12th Century. [MAN] He
developed an arresting personality. He was very brave in war and very
melancholic in daily life. Wholly devoted to the established idols, he
was a very wise man who knew all the herbs and medicines as well as the
forthcoming events and times. His reign was noted for the influence
which the magicians and astrologers had in that epoch. He was himself a
healer and devoted most of his time to meditation and severe fasting.
Being a capable administrator of the human soul, he knew how to take
advantage of the influence of the holy men of the community in order to
maintain peace in the empire. Even his private life was influenced by
the divine calling since he married Mama Tarpu Cori of the ayllu [Tarpuntaes](https://incaglossary.com/t/tarpuntaes.md) (of the most pure priestly
caste), and gave her the surname of Mama Coca. He was later poisoned by
his sister-in-law, Cusi Chimbo. [DYE]

---

**It
seems that Mayta Capac was born with teeth, and when he was only one
year old he had the appearance and strength of a lad of eight. When he
was only two years old, he was a full grown man who could fight and
vanquish all the boys in the imperial court. Some [chroniclers](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m)
called him the Inca Hercules.** [DYE]

---

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/paint45.jpg

## [Mayu](https://incaglossary.com/m/mayu.md)

(n)
(1) River. [ROR]
[JLH]
[RS]
(2) The Milky Way, a celestial river, whose movements were observed by
the Inca from the [Qoricancha](https://incaglossary.com/q/qoricancha.md)
in [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md).
In [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
cosmology, the movements of Mayu were the starting point for
calendrical correlations with natural changes on the earth. From these
observations they organized daily, seasonal and annual labor and
ritual. This is in contrast to most cultures that took their charting
from the closest celestial bodies of the sun and moon. The
intercardinal axes of Mayu corresponded to the routes out of Cusco to
the [Tawantinsuyu](https://incaglossary.com/t/tawantinsuyu.md)
and [ceke](https://incaglossary.com/c/ceke.md)
alignments. [MAN]
During the 24 hours that it crosses zenith, Mayu forms two
intersecting, intercardinal axes (NE - SW and SE - NW). These great
luminous axial lines create a grid for the entire celestial sphere,
dividing it into four quarters, called [sayu](https://incaglossary.com/s/sayu.md).
All other astronomical phenomena can then be plotted and characterized
by the quarters in which they occur or travel across. [MAR]
The Inca also recognized dark cloud constellations (*see*,
 [pachatira](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachatira.md)).
The Incas were convinced that their fate was intertwined with the
movements of the stars and planets. The stars foretold their
civilization's doom in 1532 in nothing less than a dire warning of an
impending precessional event that, to the Incas, predicted future ruin.
Drawing on their ancient mythological database, the Incas reasoned
(from the principle “as above, so below”) that loss of contact with the
ancestors, upon which their religious beliefs were founded (see,
[mallqui](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallqui.md)),
would mean their way of life would be destroyed on Earth. The *gate*
or *bridge*
to the land of the ancestors -- that is, the rising of the December
solstice Sun with the Milky Way -- was about to be washed away. Drawing
on their ancient mythological database, the Incas reasoned that loss of
contact with the ancestors would mean their way of life would be
destroyed on Earth. [SIMA] (3)
Mayu is the [shaman's](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md) road. The
celestial river passes beneath the Earth after first entering the
cosmic sea in the west. We can well imagine the tremendous mixing and
crossing of subterranean water, earth and animals which occurs as Mayu
passes beneath the earth and how, therefore, the animals in the sky are
intimately connected with the animals of the earth. Mayu is actually
made up of two rivers, not one. The two Mayus originate at a common
point in the north, flow in opposite directions from north to south,
and collide head on in the southern Milky Way. The bright stellar
clouds in this part of the Milky Way represent the foam resulting from
the celestial collision. Both “ends” of the Milky Way are subterranean
for a period of time in their revolution around their respective pole.
But since the Milky Way is inclined with respect to the plane of the
earth's rotational axis, one center of the Mayu will be above ground
while the opposite center is below ground. The water in the Celestial
River enters the celestial sphere when the northern end of the Mayu is
underground (i.e., when it is in the cosmic ocean) since the point of
origin of the Celestial River is in the north, whereas the point of
union of the Rivers is in the south. Thus, while terrestrial rivers
conduct water downward (*rain* > *streams* > *rivers*
moving downward), the Celestial River recycles water upward (*Cosmic
Ocean* > *northern Milky Way* moving upward). The Milky
Way is therefore an integral part of the continual recycling of water
throughout the Quechua universe. [ACES]  (*See*, [Southern Cross](https://incaglossary.com/s/southerncross.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/droppedImage-19.jpg — Def. 2.
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mayu.jpg — (Def. 3) The cosmic circulation of water via Mayu as it would be seen from space. The earth is visualized as an orange floating in a bowl of water. [ACES]

## [mediation of opposites](https://incaglossary.com/m/mediationofopposites.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
A philosophical theory by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831). He
developed the concept that mind or spirit manifested itself in a set of
contradictions and oppositions that it ultimately integrated and
united, without eliminating either pole or reducing one to the other. [WIKI] The theory
of mediation involves the view that relative opposites are conceptually
… unified. Hegel's theory … is that ...  all opposites are
relative. [OCM] (*Compare*, [coincidentia oppositorum](https://incaglossary.com/c/coincidentiaoppositorum.md).)

> **Editorial note**
>
> **There
> are people who suffer too much, who are in chaos, in life as in death.
>
> Thus it is necessary to give them relief without prejudice, without
>
> discriminating against a particular disposition; to dispense good in an
>
> absolute fashion without condescension, without selfishness, without
> restrictions.** --
> Eduardo el Curandero [WOFW] (*See*, tukuy
> munayniyoc.)

## [medicina](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicina.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Medicine.

## [medicina de estudio](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicinadeestudio.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Literally, *studied medicine*. Western, allopathic medicine. [MSIN]

> **Editorial note**
>
> **The
> greatest mistake in the treatment of diseases is that there are
> physicians for the body and physicians for the soul, although the two
> cannot be separated.** —
> Plato

> **Editorial note**
>
> **Adherents
> of the scientific world view fondly believe that once people become
> familiar with Western medicine they will quickly forget “all that
> supernatural nonsense” and turn their backs on the indigenous healer.
> Not so.**
> [SOM]

> **Editorial note**
>
> **Medicine
> can and will change. It can adapt itself to working with nonmedical
> therapists. Both these therapists and their techniques can be adopted
> and
>
> used to improve mental health services. The brew can be distilled, with
> the supernatant retained and the residue discarded. And this can be
> done
>
> despite the hoary traditions of medicine and psychiatry, feet firmly
> planted
>
> in the medieval guild systems, voices echoing “You just can't do that!”
>
> with each footstep down the hall of innovation.**
> [MGWP]

## [medicine](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicine.md)

(n) (Eng) (1) The mastery of the uses of the realms of space/time,
energy and spirit for healing, personal power, divination, and
protection. (2) Shamanic healing. [PGO]

## [medicine wheel](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicinewheel.md)

(n) (Eng) A name first applied to the Big Horn Medicine Wheel located
on a ridge of Medicine Mountain, part of northern Wyoming's Big Horn
Range. It is a sacred site built about 200 years ago. [BGH]
The Medicine Wheel is representative of American Indian Spirituality.
The Medicine Wheel symbolizes the individual journey we each must take
to find our own path. Within a medicine wheel are the Four Cardinal
Directions. [CHE]
Medicine wheels are used all over the world (Stonehenge is a medicine
wheel), although the English term comes from Native Americans of the
United States. A Tibetan will call it *kalachakra*;
a Hindu, *mandala*;
a Taoist, *pa
qua*.
All medicine wheels are representations of the universes of space/time
and of energy and spirit. With the exception of the *pa
gua*,
every medicine wheel represents (at least) the four directions and the
four elements (earth, air, fire, water), with the center representing
the individual. [PGO]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/droppedImage-20.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/droppedImage-21.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/droppedImage-28.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/droppedImage-29.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/droppedImage-32.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/droppedImage-33.jpg

## [menstruation](https://incaglossary.com/m/menstruation.md)

(n) The monthly bleeding of human women is so attractive to water
spirits that many native women in the Amazon rain forest will not
travel by boat or even cross the water during this time. There are
beliefs that such spirits will kidnap menstruating women to impregnate
them. [AYV]
(*See*,
 [bufeo colorado](https://incaglossary.com/b/bufeocolorado.md), [yakuruna](https://incaglossary.com/y/yakuruna.md).)

## [mercado de brujos](https://incaglossary.com/m/mercado-de-brujos.md)

Languages: Span

(n) A witches´ market found in many Peruvian towns, [ANON1]
(*See*,
 [brujo](https://incaglossary.com/b/brujo.md).)

---

**Dark
gray condor feathers hang next to the bright blues, yellows and reds of
macaws. On the wall are ocelot and other animal skins. Dried iridescent
blue hummingbirds used to cure el [susto](https://incaglossary.com/s/susto.md) hang in bunches from the ceiling. Red and black-eyed [wayrurus](https://incaglossary.com/w/wayruru.md) used to attract good luck and ward
off the evil eye, scented waters called [agua florida](https://incaglossary.com/a/aguaflorida.md),
religious relics, magical stones, resins for incense, statues of saints
and Andean deities -- all these are packed on the narrow shelves.**
[ACAI]

---

## [mermaid](https://incaglossary.com/m/mermaid.md)

Languages: Eng

A common belief among mestizo and native Amazonians, mermaids
are often invoked in [ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayahuasca.md)
sessions. It is believed that some powerful [shamans](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)
are the offspring of mermaid and human unions. Mermaids serve [murayas](https://incaglossary.com/m/muraya.md)
and are themselves the rulers of fish and dolphins. They may adopt the
form of a human woman in order to seduce a man and take him to her
watery abode. Some [vegetalistas](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md)
summon mermaids when performing love magic. Although the mermaid was
almost certainly borrowed from the Europeans, there were surely
existing female water spirits in the indigenous belief system. The
European church associated mermaids with the Devil, but they are a
common motif in the church art of southern Peru and Bolivia. Mermaids
only come out in sublime trances to cure sicknesses of the water. [AYV]
The mermaid (*sirena*) is associated with water boas ([anacondas](https://incaglossary.com/a/anaconda.md)). [MSIN] (*See*,
 [wiracocha mermaids](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiracochamermaid.md),
 [awka sirenas](https://incaglossary.com/a/awkasirena.md), picture
at [yakumama](https://incaglossary.com/y/yakumama.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mermaid.jpg — Mermaids in the river, a detail from a painting by [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md) Pablo Amaringo of one of his visions. [AYV]

## [merulaguén](https://incaglossary.com/m/merulaguen.md)

(n) *Linum
confertum*. An
infusion and decoction [of this plant] are frequently prescribed in
treating catarrhal coughs and lung ailments. When crushed and mixed
with urine, the plant can be applied as a poultice to dissolve various
kinds of tumours. [REPC]

## [mesa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesa.md)

Languages: Span

(n) (1) Literally, *table*.
A derivation of *misa*,
the Spanish word for the Catholic Mass. [TP]
[ACES] Ritual or medicine bundle containing [khuyas](https://incaglossary.com/k-prime/khuya.md)
and other objects of power which the shaman uses to assemble his/her
reality and uses in ceremonies and healing. The mesa is used in the
Andes and on the coast, but not in the jungle; the Andean mesa is
small. [TP] The
sacred healing altar which works in mediation with spiritual and cosmic
forces for ritual healing, both on individual and collective levels; a
collection of [sacred objects](https://incaglossary.com/p/powerobject.md) imbued
with unseen forces and energies which can be the catalyst for healing. [PSPM] The mesa
appears to reflect the aboriginal [imago mundi](https://incaglossary.com/i/imagomundi.md) that is very old. Anthropologists are just beginning to
discern the dim outlines of this ancient world view and its varied
manifestations. It has been used in early Spanish historical records it
has been used to denote spiritual food. [WOFW] (2) The
ritual space with ceremonial objects. [EMM]
(3) In [curanderismo](https://incaglossary.com/c/curanderismo.md), a [curandero](https://incaglossary.com/c/curandero.md)'s practice (business), as in:
“He did not feel ready to establish his own *mesa*.” (4) Sacred
dialogue. [KOAK]
[AVO] [JLH]
(5) In northern Peru, it also means the ritual that is performed with
these sacred power objects. [WOFW] (6) In
Aymara shamanism, small square specialized stones. They have different
uses; some are used as [spirit seats](https://incaglossary.com/s/spiritseat.md). [WOFW]  The
Spanish word *mesa* is derived
from the Latin *mensa*, which
means table, or more specifically, altar table. In Roman Catholicism,
the Latin term *mensa* refers to
a flat stone that was embedded in the altars of all pre-Vatican II
churches containing the relic of a saint or holy object, which was
believed to make the altar sacred. *See*, [Aymara mesa](https://incaglossary.com/a/aymaramesa.md) for more
information. [PSPM] *See*, [curandero mesa](https://incaglossary.com/c/curanderomesa.md) for
specific definitions relating to the specialized mesa of curanderismo.

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mesaclosed.jpg — A closed paq'okuna mesa with the outer cloth folded in the traditional manner.
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mesaopen.jpg — An open mesa in a four directions configuration. Both images from [mesaworks.com](http://www.mesaworks.com/)

## [mesa curanderismo](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesa-curanderismo.md)

Languages: Span

(n) The ritual art of the [curandero](https://incaglossary.com/c/curandero.md)
using the *mesa* (*see*,
mesa, above) to
intermediate between the worlds to bring healing and harmony.[PSPM]

## [mesa de manjares](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesademanjares.md)

Languages: Span

Literally, *food table*. The mesa carried by the [guacacue](https://incaglossary.com/fg/guacacue.md) shamans. A mesa of refreshments
which recruit the spirits. [WOFW]

## [mesa negra](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesa-negra.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Black mesa; the *defending side* of some [curandero](https://incaglossary.com/c/curandero.md)'s mesas. [GOL]

## [mesarumi](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesarumi.md)

(n) From mesa
(Span), *table*,
and rumi,
 *stone*.
A sacred altar. [ROR]

## [mesa tumbolo](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesa-tumbolo.md)

Languages: Span

(n) From tumbolo, *to fall down or tumble*. A ritual
Aymara table for the dead where the soul(s) can come to eat and visit
for twenty-four hours during the Feast of the Dead on November 2. [WOFW]

## [mesayoq, mesayoc](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesayoq.md)

(n) Quester of [power](https://incaglossary.com/p/power.md) thru the [mesa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesa.md).
 [RS]
Mesayoqs develop a mesa and cosmology of power relationships. The mesa
is an alter ego. It is medicine of the right, the mystical. [JLH]

(*See*,
 [kamayoq](https://incaglossary.com/k/kamayoq.md).)

## [metaphysical clock](https://incaglossary.com/m/metaphysical-clock.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
The [séance](https://incaglossary.com/s/seance.md) of the [curandero](https://incaglossary.com/c/curandero.md) is a 24 hour cycle during which
the curandero dramatizes the theme of death and rebirth, that reverses
normal concepts regarding the theme of death and rebirth, reverses
normal concepts regarding the progression of the hours of the day and
seasons of the year. It must also be kept in mind that Peru is in the
Southern Hemisphere where the seasons are reversed vis-a-vis the
calendar. [WOFW]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/metaclock.jpg — Metaphysical clock for Southern Hemisphere. Click here for larger view.

## [midwife](https://incaglossary.com/m/midwife.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
Although easy deliveries were the majority of the cases, there were
some obstetrical complications which required outside attention.
Spanish [chronicler](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#cobo) Bernabe Cobo tells us
that “there were also midwives… they knew how to care for pregnant
women and could straighten the child by massaging the abdomen.”
Difficult deliveries were frequently performed with the assistance of
one or more attendants. [DYE] *See*, [pregnancy](https://incaglossary.com/p/pregnancy.md) and [breech birth](https://incaglossary.com/b/breechbirth.md).

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/midwife.png — Mochica ceramic of an assisted delivery. [DYE]

## [mihuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/mihuy.md)

*See*,
 [mikhuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/mikhuy.md).
 [QP]

## [mikhuchiy](https://incaglossary.com/m/mikhuchiy.md)

(v) To feed. RSL

## [mikhuna](https://incaglossary.com/m/mikhuna.md)

(n) Food. [PSL]
An offering of *food* for the spirits. [ANON1]

## [mikhuna wasi](https://incaglossary.com/m/mikhuna-wasi.md)

(n) Restaurant. [QP]

## [mikhushanqu](https://incaglossary.com/m/mikhushanqu.md)

(n)
Ritual feeding. Unseen forces and energies are absorbed and digested in
the [qosqo](https://incaglossary.com/q/qosqo.md). [PSPM] *See*, mikhuy,
below *Compare*, [hucha mikhuy](https://incaglossary.com/h/huchamikhuy.md).

## [mikhuy, mihuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/mikhuy.md)

(v) (1) To eat. (2) [Shamanically](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md), the
digesting of [hucha](https://incaglossary.com/h/hucha.md) from a person, place or
situation in order to cleanse it and bring it back into [ayni](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayni.md). [KOAK]
[AVO] Feeding
on, or absorbing, unseen energy of both a refined and dense nature in a
ritual process. [PSPM] (n) Food. [QP]
(*See*,
 [mikhuna](https://incaglossary.com/m/mikhuna.md) and [hucha mikhuy](https://incaglossary.com/h/huchamikhuy.md).) *Compare*, *mikhushanku*,
above.

## [Millaipa-huarmi](https://incaglossary.com/m/millaipa-huarmi.md)

(n)
Literally, *ugly
woman*, who
performs a great task in the [curanderismo](https://incaglossary.com/c/curanderismo.md), since she
gathers the sickness that the [curandero](https://incaglossary.com/c/curandero.md) extracts
from the patient. In the image below, the younger one, dressed in
sky-blue, picks up the sickness and contains it in her hands. If the
patient does not [diet](https://incaglossary.com/d/diet.md), she
returns the sickness, as she hasn't enough power to hold back the evil
spell, and the sick one gets worse again. But if the patient cooperates
with the master curandero and diets, this woman places the evil spell
in the lap of the aged woman, dressed in lilac, who makes it disappear
inside the whirlwind of her large dress and the evil spell returns no
more. [AYV] [[Vegetalistas](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md) will refer to their craft
as curanderismo and themselves, sometimes, as curanderos. The two
traditions -- vegetalismo and curanderismo -- are considered to be
different by Westerners.]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/droppedImage-47.jpg

## [millanayay](https://incaglossary.com/m/millanayay.md)

(n) Nausea. [QP]

## [millmahina](https://incaglossary.com/m/millmahina.md)

*See*, [saccropa](https://incaglossary.com/s/saccropa.md).

## [millu](https://incaglossary.com/m/millu.md)

(n) Rock of aluminum sulfate used by [shamans](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)
to diagnose illnesses by its color change when thrown into a fire. [PSL]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/millu.jpg — Millu, also known as aluminum sulfate.

## [milluy](https://incaglossary.com/m/milluy.md)

(v) To use the [millu](https://incaglossary.com/m/millu.md) to diagnose a
sickness. [PSL]

## [mink'a](https://incaglossary.com/m/minka.md)

(n) Communal labor done for communal good; service; mutual work given
for returned work. [JLH]
[RS]
Reciprocal agreement under which a person invites others to work for
him in return for providing food and drink; a work bee [like a
barn-raising]. The beneficiary is usually obligated to return labor
when called upon. (Also known as [ayni](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayni.md),
though this has a slightly different meaning in some areas.) [CSCR]

## [mink'ay](https://incaglossary.com/m/minkay.md)

(v) To hire work for returned work instead of pay; to hire a
substitute. [PSL]

## [miña](https://incaglossary.com/m/mina.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) The primordial world. [AYV]

## [misa](https://incaglossary.com/m/misa.md)

(n) Catholic Mass (sp). [QP]
 (*See*,
 [mesa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesa.md).)

## [misarumi](https://incaglossary.com/m/misarumi.md)

(n)
Bastardized term using the Spanish-origin *misa* (* see*, above) referring to
the centerpiece of a *mesa* (*see*, above) altar (sp). [ANON1]

## [Miscayani](https://incaglossary.com/m/miscayani.md)

(n) A mythical city that is the dwelling place of the [Inkari](https://incaglossary.com/i/inkari.md);
the feminine counterpart of [Paytiti](https://incaglossary.com/p/paytiti.md).
 [KOAK]
The mythical city inhabited by highly evolved and extremely beautiful
spiritual women, revealed in [Q'ero](https://incaglossary.com/q-prime/qero.md)
mythology, the female counterpart to the myth of Paytiti. [RS]

## [misha](https://incaglossary.com/m/misha.md)

misha rey,
misha blanca: *See*, [datura](https://incaglossary.com/d/datura.md).

## [misho chaqui](https://incaglossary.com/m/misho-chaqui.md)

(n) *Helicostylis
tomentosa*. In
Amazonia the inner bark of this tree is said to be used as a
hallucinogen. Animal tests have shown that rats exhibit the same
symptoms after ingesting this plant as they do when inebriated with *cannabis*.
 [EPP]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mishochaqui.jpg

## [misk'i](https://incaglossary.com/m/miski.md)

(adj) Sweet, good tasting. (n) Honey, sugar. [PSL]
[QP]

## [mismarumi](https://incaglossary.com/m/mismarumi.md)

(n) A sandstone representing the celebrants in a ceremony (sp.). [SAI]
(*See*,
 [rumi](https://incaglossary.com/r/rumi.md).)

## [Misminay](https://incaglossary.com/m/misminay.md)

The name of a town in Peru 16 miles south of [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md)
where the people still observe [Mayu](https://incaglossary.com/m/mayu.md)
and apply cosmological and mythological meaning just as their ancestors
did. The nearby Vilcanota River is regarded as a reflection of Mayu and
the two are seen as conduits for recycling water from earth to sky and
back again. [MAN]
(*See*,
 [pachatira](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachatira.md), [yana phuyu](https://incaglossary.com/y/yana-phuyu.md).)

## [mitayo](https://incaglossary.com/m/mitayo.md)

(n) One
doing [mit'a](https://incaglossary.com/m/mita.md) labor
(sp). [GPA]

## [mit'a](https://incaglossary.com/m/mita.md)

(n) Public labor; tribute to the Inca empire, which included working
land and herding llama on imperial land and performing a quota of work
at a state installation. [MAN]
Labor taken in turns. [ICC]
Under the Incas the mit'a was a labor tax by which the state enlisted
workers in return for providing a measure of social security. Under the
Spanish the mit'a became forced labor in the mines, so onerous that it
is known to have killed several million people and depopulated large
areas of the Andes. [CSCR]
(*See*,
 [ayllu](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayllu.md),
 [cargo](https://incaglossary.com/c/cargo.md).)

## [mitima](https://incaglossary.com/m/mitima.md)

(n) A person who has been relocated. [ICC]
(*See*,
 [mitimaes](https://incaglossary.com/m/mitimaes.md).)

## [mitimaes, mitmacs](https://incaglossary.com/m/mitimaes.md)

(n) Groups of people of one province whom the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
settled in another part of the empire in order to organize social and
economic control.  This practice had an impact on the
homogenization of spiritual beliefs within the culture. [MAN]
(*See*,
 [hatun runa](https://incaglossary.com/h/hatunruna.md).)
Spy-in-residence technique of control. By means of this constant
control, the enemies of the Inca were shorn of their capacity for
conspiracy. [EOTI]

## [mocura](https://incaglossary.com/m/mocura.md)

(n)
Taken orally or used in floral baths to raise energy, or take you out
of a [saladera](https://incaglossary.com/s/saladera.md).
This plant gives mental strength and you can feel its effects as with [ajosacha](https://incaglossary.com/a/ajosacha.md)
-- both are varieties of garlic and have a penetrating aroma. Mental
strength means it could be good to counter shyness, find one's personal
value or authority. Medicinal properties include asthma, bronchitis,
reduction of fat and cholesterol. Considered a great plant teacher. [SCU]

## [mocha](https://incaglossary.com/m/mocha.md)

(n) A
blown kiss, a pre-Columbian gesture of reverence for holy objects and
places that is still practiced by highland Indians. [WOFW]  The
sacred kiss to invoke the gods, a ceremony that was later recorded and
described by [Spanish priests](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m) during the early
1600's. [GOL]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mocha.png — Mochica vase showing a tattooed man in the act of mocha, or ritual kissing. [DYE]

## [Moche](https://incaglossary.com/m/moche.md)

(n) See, [Appendix N](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/n#moche).

## [Molina and Ginés](https://incaglossary.com/m/molina-and-gines.md)

Two
soldiers, who formed part of the first group led by Pizarro, became
separated from their companions and reportedly were taken to the
presence of the reigning [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md) [Huayna Capac](https://incaglossary.com/h/huaynacapac.md), where they arrived “pale
and discolored.” Promptly sentenced to death by Huayna Capac, they
became the first human bacteriological bombs of the battle for Peru.
The emperor himself and his successor [Ninán Cuyúnchic](https://incaglossary.com/n/ninancuyunchic.md) contracted the
imported illness within three weeks and died from it leaving the crown
to be disputed between [Waskar](https://incaglossary.com/w/wascar.md) and [Atahualpa](https://incaglossary.com/a/atahualpa.md). The epidemic killed an
estimated total of 200,000 and certainly contributed to augment the
reverential terror inspired in the Indians by the arrival of the
bearded demi-gods. The epidemic was either smallpox or measles,
probably the latter. (The names of these two soldiers are also given in
the historical record as Sanchez and Martin or as Morillo and
Bocanegra.) [DYE] [Measles
in people who have no inherited immunity brings extremely high fever
and death. It killed many natives worldwide in epidemics following the
arrival of explorers and conquerors. -- Patt]

## [molle](https://incaglossary.com/m/molle.md)

, molle del
peru (sp), Peruvian pepper: (n) *Schinus molle*. The word *molle*
in *Schinus molle* comes from a Quechua word for the tree, *molli*.
In traditional medicine, *S. molle* was used in treating a
variety of wounds and infections due to its antibacterial and
antiseptic properties. It has also been used as an antidepressant and
diuretic, and for toothache, rheumatism and menstrual disorders, with
recent studies in mice providing possible support for its
antidepressant effects. It has also been speculated that *S. molle*'s
insecticidal properties make it a good candidate for use as an
alternative to synthetic chemicals in pest control. The [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) used the sweet outer part of ripe fruit
to make a drink. Berries were rubbed carefully to avoid mixing with the
bitter inner parts, the mix strained and then left for a few days to
produce a drink. It was also boiled down for syrup or mixed with maize
to make nourishing gruel. There is also significant archaeological
evidence that the fruits of *S. molle* were used extensively in
the Central  Andes around 550-1000 AD for producing [chicha](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chicha.md). [WIKI] One
treatment for dropsy [old term for edema] and gout consists of a bath
of a salty infusion of the leaves and bark of molle. The Indians employ
a fermented drink of the fruits in treating dropsy. The white, fragrant
resin from molle is an excellent bone-set if applied in the form of a
plaster, and it can be used to heal ulcers. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/molle1.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/molle2.jpg — Berries and bark of molle. [WIKI]

## [molle de chile](https://incaglossary.com/m/molle-de-chile.md)

Languages: Span

(n) *Schinus
procerus*. When
applied to the temples, the resin is said to alleviate headaches. [REPC]

## [monkey puzzle tree](https://incaglossary.com/m/monkeypuzzletree.md)

,monkey
tail tree, pino de Chile, pehuén: (n) *Araucaria araucana*. An
evergreen tree growing to 40 metres (130 ft) tall with a 2 metres
(7 ft) trunk diameter. The tree is native to central and southern
Chile and Western Argentina. It is the hardiest species in the conifer
genus *Araucaria*. Because of the great age of this species it is
sometimes described as a living fossil. Its conservation status was
enhanced to *endangered* by the IUCN in 2013 due to its declining
abundance. [WIKI] When the
natives engaged in felling this tree gash themselves severely, they
apply the resin of the tree to the wound. There is no doubt that it
produces the effect that they want. It is also found to be very helpful
as a calmative in cases of ruptures and bruises. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/monkeypuzzle.jpg — The monkey puzzle tree. [WIKI]

## [Monnina polystachya](https://incaglossary.com/m/monnina-polystachya.md)

(n) [No
common name given.] The bark has been shown to be effective in treating
dysentery and asthmatic ailments. Three grains of its powder are taken
in the morning and evening at the beginning of the treatment, and the
dose continues to increase for several months. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/monnina.jpg — Monnina polystachya (1805).

## [moroy urco, muru-urco](https://incaglossary.com/m/moroy-urco.md)

(n) A great woolen chain of many colors, garnished with gold
plates and two red fringes at the end, approximately 150 fathoms long,
used in public festivals to encircle the [Inti Cancha](https://incaglossary.com/i/inticancha.md).
 [HOI]

## [morphic field](https://incaglossary.com/m/morphicfield.md)

(n) A
pattern that governs the development of form, structure and
arrangement. A mode of transmission of shared informational patterns
and [archetypes](https://incaglossary.com/a/archetype.md). A morphic field might
provide an explanation for the concept of collective unconscious.
Morphic fields are defined as the universal database for both organic
(living) and abstract (mental) forms. [WIKI]

## [mosoq, musuq](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosoq.md)

(adj) New. [PSL]
[RS]

## [mosoqchay](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosoqchay.md)

(v) To make new. [PSL]

## [mosoq karpay](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosoq-karpay.md)

(n) Literally, *new initiation*. Rites of passage of the times to
come which raise your consciousness to the [fifth level](https://incaglossary.com/fg/fifthlevel.md). According to the
prophecies, at this time the [Inca Mallkus](https://incaglossary.com/i/incamallku.md)
will emerge. [KOAK]

## [mosoqmanta](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosoqmanta.md)

(adv) Again, newly. [PSL]

## [mosoq wata](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosoq-wata.md)

(n) New year. [PSL]

## [mosoqyay](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosoqyay.md)

(v) To become new. [PSL]

## [mosqokuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosqokuy.md)

*See*,
 [musqukuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/musqukuy.md).

## [mosquchay, mosqochay](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosquchay.md)

*See*,
 [musquchay](https://incaglossary.com/m/musquchay.md).)

## [mosquq](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosquq.md)

*See*,
 [musquq](https://incaglossary.com/m/musquq.md).

## [mosqoy, mosqhoy, mosqoj](https://incaglossary.com/m/mosqoy.md)

*See*,
 [musquy](https://incaglossary.com/m/musquy.md).

## [much'ana, muchana](https://incaglossary.com/m/muchana.md)

(adj) Kissable, adorable. [RS]

## [much'anakuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/muchanakuy.md)

(v) to kiss each other. [RS]

## [much'ay](https://incaglossary.com/m/muchay.md)

(v) To worship, to kiss. [QP]

## [much'ana](https://incaglossary.com/m/muchana-2.md)

(n) Place of worship, altar.

## [muchanaco](https://incaglossary.com/m/muchanaco.md)

(n) A ceremonial exchange of gifts. Literally, *joint
worship*.
 [HOI]
(*See*,
 [muchani](https://incaglossary.com/m/muchani.md)
and [nacu](https://incaglossary.com/n/nacu.md).)

## [muchani](https://incaglossary.com/m/muchani.md)

(v) I worship. [HOI]

## [muchuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/muchuy.md)

(v) To suffer. [PSL]

## [muhu, muju](https://incaglossary.com/m/muhu.md)

(n) Seed. [PSL]
[QP]
Can be a literal seed for planting, or the spiritual seed within each
person. Living energy is necessary to germinate this seed. [QNO] The
spiritual seed within each person; a karpay can
provide the “light and water” necessary to sprout this seed. [ANON1] (*See*, [wacho](https://incaglossary.com/w/wacho.md), [winay](https://incaglossary.com/w/winay.md).)

## [Muki](https://incaglossary.com/m/muki.md)

(n) Elemental organizing principle. A guide to belly of [Pachamama](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama.md).
 [JLH]

There
is as well a one-legged black imp, the Muki, who dwells in caves and
corners and is responsible for things lost, practical jokes, sprained
ankles. [SRK]
(*See*,
 [Urcaguary](https://incaglossary.com/u/urcaguary.md),
 [Supay](https://incaglossary.com/s/supay-2.md).)

## [mulla](https://incaglossary.com/m/mulla.md)

(n) Child of a woman's brother. [ICC]

## [mulli](https://incaglossary.com/m/mulli.md)

(n) The
resin of this tree, common in the [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md) region,
was used with remarkable results on wounds, which it caused to heal
rapidly. [ACA]

## [mullu, muyu](https://incaglossary.com/m/mullu.md)

(n)
(1) The sacred *Spondylus* shell, which was worth more than gold
to the Inka, Moche, and Chavin, among others. [ANON1] *Spondylus*,
a thorny oyster found off the Ecuadorian coast and prized by the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) because their shells evoked the ocean and
life-giving water in the dry climate of the Andean altiplano. [NGEO5] Along the
Pacific coast of South America, *Spondylus* grows only in the
warm waters of the Ecuadorian coast, but it was traded south to Peru
for at least 3,000 years. The Peruvian government recently chose *Spondylus*
to symbolize the new integration with Ecuador. [SAAO] *Spondylus*
is a genus of bivalve molluscs of the coasts of Peru and Ecuador. Their
colors range from orange to red and purple. They have many spines or
protrusions from the shell which make them attractive. In pre-Columbian
times, *Spondylus* was also called *mullu*; they were of
high commercial value (comparable to gold in medieval Europe) They
played an important part in Inca jewelry, and some pre-Inca cultures as
the Chibcha and the Moche cultures, for example. The shells were
considered the food of the gods and were offered at almost all the
ceremonies. The shells were even found in Central America, indicating
that trade or barter among inhabitants of southern Peru and Central
America occurred. [WAIC] (2)
Circle, ring, sphere. [ANON1] (adj)
Round, circular. [QP]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/mullu.jpg

## [mullu khuya](https://incaglossary.com/m/mullu-khuya.md)

*See*, [chunpi khuyas](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chunpikhuyas.md).

## [mummy bundle](https://incaglossary.com/m/mummy-bundle.md)

(n)
A funerary bundle of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) culture in
which more than one person could be interred; bundles have been found
holding as many as seven individuals. Bundles have also contained many
objects for use in the afterlife. [NGEO3]
(*See*,
 [mallqui](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallqui.md), [falsa cabeza](https://incaglossary.com/fg/falsacabeza.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/paint56.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/paint57.jpg
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/paint58.jpg

## [munakuq](https://incaglossary.com/m/munakuq.md)

(adj) Kind, nice. [QP]

## [munakuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/munakuy.md)

(v) To love. [PSL]

## [munanakuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/munanakuy.md)

(v) To fall in love, [QP]

## [munaña](https://incaglossary.com/m/munana.md)

Languages: AYM

(n) Will or intent. [ASD]
*See*, [intention](https://incaglossary.com/i/intention.md).

## [munapayay](https://incaglossary.com/m/munapayay.md)

(v) To covet. [PSL]

## [munaq](https://incaglossary.com/m/munaq.md)

(n) Lover. [QP]

## [munaqi](https://incaglossary.com/m/munaqi.md)

(adj) Beloved; promised in marriage. [RS]

## [munay](https://incaglossary.com/m/munay.md)

(v) To love, to want, to desire. [PSL]
[QP]
(n) Unconditional, eternal, unreasoned love. Located at the heart
center, it is the exercise of power for the [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md).
 (See,
[yachay](https://incaglossary.com/y/yachay.md)
and [llank'ay](https://incaglossary.com/ll/llankay.md).)
One of the major organizing principles. The first of the [Three Inca Laws](https://incaglossary.com/t/threeincalaws.md). It is the law of
love. Rather than an emotion, munay is seen as an attitude of respect
and appreciation for everyone and everything. (*See*,
 [saiwa](https://incaglossary.com/s/saiwa.md), [nuna](https://incaglossary.com/n/nuna.md),
 chekak,
 [yuya](https://incaglossary.com/y/yuya.md), [ch'ulla](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chulla.md), [kallari](https://incaglossary.com/k/kallari.md),
 [kawsay](https://incaglossary.com/k/kawsay.md).)
 [JLH]
[AVO] We
can speak many languages with the heart. We can communicate with all of
the five kingdoms (mineral, vegetable, animal, human and Apukunas, or
Light Beings).
[IGMP]

## [muña, muna, ccoa](https://incaglossary.com/m/muna.md)

(n) *Minthostachys mollis*. A variety of a native
mint that after being rubbed on the hands releases a scent that when
inhaled offers relief to those who are experiencing dizziness, nausea,
headaches and other undesirable symptoms due to the altitude. The plant
is also utilized to make medicinal infusions for diarrhea and dysentery
because of the cold; the leaves are used in a poultice and are an
effective anti-inflammatory. [WAC]
The natives utilize a salt water decoction to treat dropsical [edemic]
and gouty swellings and for liver complaints. It is valued also to
assuage headaches. The warm infusion is taken as an apperitive and
diuretic, to cure severe cholera and melancholy, to cleanse the spleen
and reduce oppilations [obstructions]. [REPC] The leaves
and flowers of this herb are taken as infusion or matte, for stomach
pains. In cases of altitude sickness, it helps clear the bronchi and
dissipate dizziness. It has
anti-flatulence properties. It helps to eliminate intestinal parasites.
It diminishes the appearance of eye problems (cataracts, myopia and
macular degeneration) and helps keep visual acuity. It aids in the
prevention of most respiratory problems and helps decongest the
airways. Muña leaves are used in the healing of fractures,
dislocations, and tumors caused by blows. [WIKI] [Muña is
in the mint family, as is catnip, which may explain why one of the
common names of this herb is *ccoa*. See, [koa](https://incaglossary.com/k/koa.md). - Patt]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/muna.jpg

## [muñeco](https://incaglossary.com/m/muneco.md)

,
muñequeando (Span): (adj) As lifeless as a rag doll. [GOL]

## [muraya](https://incaglossary.com/m/muraya.md)

,
meraya, mueraya (Panoan): (n) One of the levels of [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md),
this [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)
is a master of the water and jungle realms. Knowledgable about plants
and animals, he is able to live for periods of time in the subaquatic
realm, but is unable to ascend to the sky. The muraya must commune with
water spirits. The subaquatic realm is considered to be of great
importance as a source of power. The muraya rides the [Yakumama](https://incaglossary.com/y/yakumama.md) to the deepest bottom of the
water. [AYV]
They live where the world ends, having as their only food the flower of
tobacco. [MSIN] (*See*,
 [sinchi runa](https://incaglossary.com/s/sinchiruna.md), [Tsugki](https://incaglossary.com/t/tsugki.md),
picture at [yakumama](https://incaglossary.com/y/yakumama.md).)

## [muraya-cai](https://incaglossary.com/m/muraya-cai.md)

Languages: Panoan

(n) Literally, *[shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)**-makers*,
psychotropic plants that reveal the *real*
world, while the ordinary world is considered illusory. [AYV]
(*See*,
 [entheogenic](https://incaglossary.com/e/entheogenic.md), [ordinary world](https://incaglossary.com/t/tonal.md).)

## [muricu](https://incaglossary.com/m/muricu.md)

(adj)
Witty. [DYE]

## [murui-huaira](https://incaglossary.com/m/murui-huaira.md)

(n) A
whirlwind spirit that takes the soul of anyone who is afraid of him.
The victim will have headaches and suffer other bodily illnesses. Only
a [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md) can heal
the person with the appropriate [icaro](https://incaglossary.com/i/icaro.md). [AYV]  (*See*, [Killo-runa](https://incaglossary.com/k/killo-runa.md))

## [muru uncuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/muru-uncuy.md)

(n)
Measles or smallpox. [DYE]

## [muscuna](https://incaglossary.com/m/muscuna.md)

(n)
Visionary experience, which the individual must balance with [yuyana](https://incaglossary.com/y/yuyana.md).
[WCE]
 (*See*, [musquy](https://incaglossary.com/m/musquy.md).) (*See*, also, [yachaj](https://incaglossary.com/y/yachaj.md).)

## [Mushuk Wara](https://incaglossary.com/m/mushuk-wara.md)

*See*, [Qhapaq Raymi](https://incaglossary.com/q-prime/qhapaq-raymi.md).

## [muskhiy](https://incaglossary.com/m/muskhiy.md)

(v) To smell. [QP]

## [muspay](https://incaglossary.com/m/muspay.md)

(v) To be disoriented. [PSL]

## [musquchay, mosquchay](https://incaglossary.com/m/musquchay.md)

(v) To
appear in another person's dream. [RS]

## [musqukuy, mosqokuy, mosqukuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/musqukuy.md)

(n) A
dream. (v) To dream. [RS]

## [musquq](https://incaglossary.com/m/musquq.md)

, mosquq,
mosqoj, mosccoc, moscoc: (n) (1) [Seers](https://incaglossary.com/q-prime/qhawaq.md)
who [divined](https://incaglossary.com/d/divination.md) through dream
interpretation. [MHP] He or she
divined through dreams; the person comes to ask him whether he will
recover or die and if it is a man who consults him, he asks for his
sling, or his purse, or his mantle or any other piece of his clothing;
and if it is a woman, he asks for her belt or a similar garment and
takes it home and sleeps on it and, depending on his dreams, so he
answers. Some of the dream symbolism was recorded by early [chroniclers](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m): wading through turbid river waters
meant death or a long trip; a nightmare meant also death; the bite of a
dog or snake signified that the patient was being poisoned or
bewitched; fire meant serious illness; dreaming of an eagle or a falcon
would mean that a boy had been conceived, and a girl was signified by a
frog; a dog would foretell disgrace; wool or nets presaged sadness; a
person without head or hands meant that what the person was thinking of
when falling asleep would not come true; crossing a bridge meant a
separation from the family very soon; and eating fish signified that
severe alcoholic intoxication would occur in the near future. [DYE] (2) The
dreamer. [RS]

## [musquy, mosqoy](https://incaglossary.com/m/musquy.md)

(v) To dream, (n) A dream. [PSL]
[Dreamtime](https://incaglossary.com/d/dreamtime.md); dream world;
alternate realms of consciousness. [RS]
[JLH]

## [musqhuy](https://incaglossary.com/m/musqhuy.md)

*See*,
 [musquy](https://incaglossary.com/m/musquy.md).

## [Musuq Watapi sumaq kawsay](https://incaglossary.com/m/musuq-watapi-sumaq-kawsay.md)

, Mosoj
Watapi sumaj kawsay: (expression) Happy New Year. [RS]

## [mut'uy](https://incaglossary.com/m/mutuy.md)

(v) To blossom; to sprout; to break forth. [PSL]

## [muyaca](https://incaglossary.com/m/muyaca.md)

(n)
*Coccoloba marginata Benth*. The
Indians consider this shrub to be an excellent diuretic for ailments of
the urinary tract. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/muyaca.jpg — Muyaca leaves and flower.

## [muyukancha](https://incaglossary.com/m/muyukancha.md)

(n) A corral used for rituals. [ROR]

## [Muyuq Marca](https://incaglossary.com/m/muyuqmarca.md)

(n)
Literally, *round place*. It was one of the three towers that
were in the top of the Incan temple of [Sacsahuaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/sacsahuaman.md).
It is famous because in 1536, at the Battle of Sacsahuaman to end the
siege of [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md), Cahuide, a captain of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) army threw himself from the top of the
tower to avoid falling into the hands of the Spanish. [*See*, [Cahuide](https://incaglossary.com/c/cahuide.md), for more information on his role.]
According to [chronicler](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#garcilaso) Garcilaso
de la Vega, this tower was a warehouse of pure water. There were three
towers and their sizes were considerable. Garcilaso recounts that
underneath the towers were huge tunnels that interconnected with each
other; in his childhood he used to play there. [WIKI]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/muyuqmarca1.png — A map of Sacsahuaman showing the locations of Muyuq Marca (1) and the two other towers, Sallamarca (2) and Paucamarca (3). (The latter two towers were cubicle in shape rather than round like Muyuq Marca.)
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/M_files/muyuqmarca2.jpg — The base of Muyuq Marca as it is today. [WIKI]

## [muyuriy](https://incaglossary.com/m/muyuriy.md)

(v) To turn. [QP]

## [muzpacuni](https://incaglossary.com/m/muzpacuni.md)

(v) To
talk nonsense in a frenzy. [DYE]

## [muzpaytam rimani](https://incaglossary.com/m/muzpaytam-rimani.md)

(v) To
talk nonsense while asleep. [DYE]

## Sources

- **ACA**: *Ancient Civilizations of the Andes*, Means
- **ACAI**: The Andean Codex, J.E. Williams
- **ACES**: *At the Crossroads of Earth and Sky*, Urton
- **ANON1**: anonymous donor 1. Click * for explanation.
- **ASD**: *Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara*
- **AVO**: my notes from Alberto Villoldo, various writings and lectures
- **AYV**: *Ayahuasca Visions,* Luna
- **BGH**: www.crystalinks.com/bighorn.html
- **CHE**: users.ap.net/~chenae/spirit.html
- **CIPC**: cipotato.org/
- **CSCR**: *Cut Stones and Crossroads*, Wright
- **DYE**: Source not listed on the original Text Sources page.
- **EFD**: encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com
- **EMM**: www.ayahuasca-shamanism.co.uk/
- **EOTI**: *Empire of the Inca*, Brundage
- **EPP**: *Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants*, Rätsch
- **GM**: www.gaiameditations.com
- **GMP**: *Ghosts of Machu Picchu*, Nova, PBS 2010 DVD
- **GOL**: *The Gift of Life*, Glass-Coffin.
- **GPA**: *El primer nueva coronica y buen gobierno, *Poma de Ayala.
- **HOI**: *History of the Incas,* Sarmiento de Gamboa
- **IAWS**: *Mythology, Illustrated Anthology of World Myth & Storytelling*
- **ICC**: *Inca Civilization in Cuzco*, Zuidema
- **IGMP**: *Andean Awakening*, Delgado
- **JLH**: Jose Luis Herrera, various lectures
- **KOAK**: *Keepers of the Ancient knowledge*, Wilcox
- **MAN**: *Mythology of the American Nations*, Jones and Molyneaux
- **MAR**: www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/anthro2003/archy/ aymara/inca.html
- **MGWP**: *The Mind Game*, Torrey
- **MHP**: Rios, *The Master Healer in Peru*, www.onirogenia.com/chamanismos/el-maestro-curandero-en-el-peru-historia-medicina-y-magia/
- **MP**: * Magical Passes*, Casta*ñ*eda
- **MSIN**: conference paper *The Concept of Plants as Teachers among four Mestizo Shamans of Iquitos, Northeastern Perú*, Luna
- **NFL**: www.nflc.org/REACH/7ca/enCAInca.htm
- **NGEO3**: National Geographic Magazine, May 2002
- **NGEO5**: National Geographic Magazine, November 1999
- **OCM**: myweb.lmu.edu/snason/Research_and_Writing_files/Opposites, Contradictories, and Mediation for Web Page.pdf
- **OMQ**: Oscar Miro-Quesada, from his various writings.
- **PFU**: plantsforuse.com
- **PGO**: Patt Grantham O’Neill, personal definitions I write when I cannot find a good one elsewhere.
- **PSL**: www.geocities.com/phillott/Bolivia/Dictionary02.htm  Bolivian Quechua
- **PSPM**: *Pachakuti Mesa*, Magee
- **PUE**: www-personal.umich.edu/~jlvoris/thesis.html
- **QNO**: www.quechuanetwork.org
- **QP**: *Quechua Phrasebook* , Coronel-Molina
- **REPC**: *Ruiz as an Ethnopharmacologist in Peru and Chile, *Schultes [taxonomy accuracy questionable]
- **ROR**: *Rituals of Respect*, Bolin
- **RS**: runasimi.de
- **RSN**: www.robertschoch.net/Mystery%20of%20Markawasi.htm
- **SAAO**: www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/17-2/SAA1.html
- **SAI**: *Secrets of the Ancient Incas*, Langevin
- **SCU**: www.shamanism.co.uk
- **SEES**: Crowell's Spanish-English and English-Spanish Dictionary
- **SIMA**: *The Secret of the Incas: Myth, Astronomy, and the War Against Time, *Sullivan
- **SOM**: *Stranger in Our Midst, *Furst and Reed
- **SRK**: www.sriramakrishnamath.org
- **TGOP**: *The Gate of Paradise*, Chamalú
- **THIM**: *The Three Halves of Ino Moxo*
- **THLH**: Source not listed on the original Text Sources page.
- **TLD**: *Tri-Lingual Dictionary*, Hornberger
- **TP**: Theo Paredes (my class notes and personal correspondence)
- **WAC**: www.agnostica.com.ar/incassaqs.htm
- **WAIC**: www.arturinsa.com/p_spondilus.html
- **WCE**: [World Culture Encyclopedia] www.everyculture.com/South-America/ Canelos-Quichua-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html
- **WFP**: www.fruitipedia.com/macqui Aristotelia chilensis.htm
- **WIC**: www.informationclub.com
- **WIKI**: en.wikipedia.org (no www)
- **WMO**: www.mythome.org
- **WOFW**: Source not listed on the original Text Sources page.
- **WPO**: www.pantheon.org
- **WWPE**: wordnetweb.princeton.edu