# P — Inca Glossary

> From the Inca Glossary by Patt O'Neill (© 2007, 2008, 2014).
> Web page: https://incaglossary.com/p
> 198 terms. Each term heading links to that term's own Markdown file.

## [pacarina](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacarina.md)

*See**, paqarina*, below.

## [pacari](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacari.md)

*See*,
 [paqarichiy](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarichiy.md).

## [Pacarimoc Runa](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacarimoc-runa.md)

(n)
Literally, *the
first men who emerged*. Those
people did not know how to do anything, not even how to make clothes;
they wore tree leaves and straw mats. Nor did they know how to make
houses; they lived in caves and under cliffs. [GPA]

## [Pacaritambo](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacaritambo.md)

(n) *Abode
of Procreation*
where Inti gave life to the first mortals, who were created there after
the flood ([Uñu Pachacuti](https://incaglossary.com/u/unupachacuti.md))
and emerged from three caves. [NFL]
(*See*,
 [Tambo Toco](https://incaglossary.com/t/tambotoco.md), [paqarichiy](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarichiy.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pacaritambo.jpg — Pacaritambo, drawing by Felipe Guaman [Poma](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#poma) de Ayala.

## [paccariscas](https://incaglossary.com/p/paccariscas.md)

(n) The
places where tribal ancestors were believed to have emerged into the
world. These could be caves (the most important one being [Pacaritambo](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacaritambo.md)), hills, lakes or springs ([paqarinas](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarina.md)), and they became important
centers for thanksgiving.[IAWS]

## [pacsi](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacsi.md)

(n) Month. [AEAA]

## [pacha](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacha.md)

(n) (1) Location in time and space; where time and space are in
conjunction. (2) Life phases; the in-between space, a bardo.  (3)
The physical world. Time, earth, space, universe. [ROR]
[JLH]
[AVO] (4) The
Divine Cosmos. It
includes quantity, other realities, Divinity, what is still a mystery.
[IGMP]
(5) Age;
era; time. (6) Oneself; a being. (7) Soil; nature; place. [RS]

## [pacha callaripaua](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacha-callaripaua.md)

Languages: AYM · adv

At the beginning of earth. [ASD]

## [Pachacamac, Pachakamak](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacamac.md)

(n) (1) Literally, *he
who animates the world*.
Universal masculine energy in time and space; creator of the world.
Deity of the Andes; world ruler; creator; he who puts order in the
world. [RS]
A chthonic creator-god, originally worshipped by the Yuncas but then
adopted by the Incan Empire. He was a son of [Inti](https://incaglossary.com/i/inti.md)
and [Mama Killa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mamakilla.md),
and husband of [Pachamama](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama.md).
 [WIC]
When he had created the first man and woman, he forgot to provide them
with food. When the man died, the woman accused Pachacamac of neglect,
whereupon he made her fertile, and she bore a son. The god killed the
son, cut the corpse in pieces from which grew the various fruits and
vegetables. The second son escaped him, however, and so the god slew
the mother. This son, called [Wichama](https://incaglossary.com/w/wichama.md),
avenged his mother's death by driving Pachacamac into the sea. [WPO]
Primarily he was the Underworld god causing earthquakes but may have
been related also to the fertility of the Earth. His wife, Urpihuachac,
had thrown the first fishes into the Ocean. [PRM]
Some scholars say this is an attribute of [Wiracocha](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiracocha.md).
 [HOI]Pachacamac
appears to have been a Chimu deity. As a child of the sun and the moon,
he was a brother to [Con](https://incaglossary.com/c/con.md). The cult of
Pachacamac survived the might of [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
domination. [IAWS] *He who
animates the World* primarily was the Underworld god causing
earthquakes but may have been related also to the fertility of the
Earth. Once [pre-Conquest] included characteristics of Tricksters.
[RTZ1]
 A supreme
god who was worshipped at a large adobe pyramid (of the same name) to
the south of Lima on the coast of modern Peru; a god with two sides,
one male and one female, represented by a large, carved wooden pillar
that was destroyed by the Spanish. [ANON1] (2) A
temple outside of Lima where the philosophy of [yanantin](https://incaglossary.com/y/yanantin.md) was born. [RS]
[NND] The site of
Pachacamac on the central coast of Peru has long been regarded as the
preeminent religious and/or pilgrimage center of pre-Hispanic Peru. The
fame and power of its oracle and ancient temples, together with myths
pertaining to its dualistic, earth-dwelling, patron deity named
Pachacamac, have been described by both Spanish Colonial writers and
modern scholars. This deity is said to have had the power, on the one
hand, to create and sustain humans, nurture crops, and cure disease,
and, on the other hand, to cause earthquakes, storms in the Pacific,
and disease. In his 1534 report, Miguel Estete, for example, noted that
many pilgrims from far and wide came there to pay respects, consult,
and/or make offerings to the oracle at the Temple. This sanctuary was
surrounded by shelters for pilgrims and the tombs of noblemen and
priests, who wished to be buried close to the deity they had
worshipped. [WPAP] After
crossing inhospitable mountains, travelers would be awed by the temple.
Fantastic murals covered the adobe walls and through its many doors
access could be found to a series of plazas. Pachacamac not only
offered advise to individuals, but offered protection from natural
disasters and disease. In return, he expected tribute in the form of
goods and the blood of sacrificial victims, both animal and human. [IAWS]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pachacamac.jpg — The temple at Pachacamac. The entire site is complex and extensive, an estimated 5 km2.
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pachacamac2.jpg — The original pre-Inca ancient temple faced the northwest side of the coast, had terraced sides and richly decorated rooms, possibly destined to the reception of envoys and to the ritual making of sacrifices. Before reaching its shrine, pilgrims, priests and noblemen alike were compelled to [fast](https://incaglossary.com/fg/fasting.md) for twenty days before to gain access to the first court on the lower plaza, and for an entire year before ascending to the holy of holies, the holier shrine on the upper plaza, of exceptional sacredness and immense religious significance. [WIKI]
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pachacamac3.png — Above the inner shrine stood a pyramid at the top of which was the wooden idol of Pachacámac. Only the priests could have access to the oracular chamber, consulting the oracle on special important issues – on behalf of others – but were themselves forbidden to look directly at the Janus-like idol, from the sight of which they were protected by a textile that hung before it, in function of screen. The wooden Idol reflects the cosmogonic vision of the Andean people of the 12th century. Two-faced, possibly hinting at an androgynous nature, the oracular powers of the god are evident in the possibility of seeing simultaneously – spatially and temporally – in opposite directions. [EMM]

## [pachacuc](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacuc.md)

(n) A
pachacuc would perform a health [divination](https://incaglossary.com/d/divination.md)
by placing a large spider on a wide ceramic bowl or on top of a large
woolen mantle. Then he would mutilate the animal with a stick, aiming
to crush one of its legs. The spider was then observed by the diviner
who deduced, from the location and extent of the damage, the answers he
was to give. [DYE]

## [pacha cuti](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacha-cuti.md)

Languages: AYM

(adj) Of war. [ASD]

## [pachacuti, pachakuti](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacuti.md)

(n) (1) A cataclysmic event
separating eras in time. The founding of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
Empire was seen as the beginning of a new era, and the Inca ruler
responsible took Pachacuti as his name. The Conquest was also seen as a
pachacuti, in the sense of a great disaster. [Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#poma) mourned it as a *world in reverse*
because [hanan and hurin](https://incaglossary.com/h/hananandhurin.md) had been
overturned and the Spanish had failed to institute a new order that was
just or made sense. [CSCR]
(2) Coming back to source. [TP]A return to
the essence of the cosmos. There is a cosmic cycle of one thousand
years, like the cycle of day and night. Five hundred years is daytime,
five hundred is nighttime. The Spanish arrived with the sunset between
1492 and 1532. Now we are living in a [New Sunrise](https://incaglossary.com/n/newsunrise.md), which is very special because this first light is food for
the heart. [IGMP] The
revolution of time and space, the concept of succession and renewal.
The Incas believed in an elaborate succession of worlds or creations,
inhabited by different races of beings and/or civilizations. Each age
was referred to as being ruled over by a Sun [and assigned a successive
number]. The general course of development was from the more primitive
to the sophisticated. Each world ended, destroyed by some catastrophic
event. [MAN]
(3) A period of upheaval and cosmic transformation, overturning of the
space/time continuum that affects consciousness. Reversal of the world.
 [KOAK]
[ROR]
A cosmic transformation or world reversal in the form of a critical
mass experience in the complexity of consciousness (specifically human)
that ultimately brings about a new, distinct, more encompassing
paradigm of one's relation to the self and the living universe. Named
after the second founder of the Inca empire [*see*, *Pachacuti Inca
Yupanqui*, below] who completely remade the entire social fabric of [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md) during his reign. The word itself may
stem from the words *pachak* and *kuti*, which, when placed
together, mean centuple, or a hundred times as great.[PSPM]
An Inka notion of a shift in spiritual, magnetic, and energetic
currents of the Earth brought about by a critical mass or matrix of
high-vibration transformed and transformational consciousness (usually
human), causing massive upheavals and cosmic changes in both the
activities and consciousness-reality paradigm of humanity and leading
to a distinct, more “whole” or all-encompassing world and world-view. [ANON1] (*See*,
 [First Sun](https://incaglossary.com/fg/firstsun.md), [Second Sun](https://incaglossary.com/s/secondsun.md), [Third Sun](https://incaglossary.com/t/thirdsun.md), [Fourth Sun](https://incaglossary.com/fg/fourthsun.md), [Fifth Sun](https://incaglossary.com/fg/fifthsun.md).)

## [pachacutik](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacutik.md)

(n) 500-year period between [pachacutis](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacuti.md).
 [MAN]

## [Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, Pachakuteq Inca Yupanqui](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacutiinca.md)

The ninth [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) emperor whose remarkable
rule (1438-1471) earned him the appellation *Transformer
of the World* and
*Earthshaker*.
Among his accomplishments he rebuilt [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md)
after it was destroyed in the war with the Chanca (*see*,
 [Appendix N](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/n#chancas)), he built
Machu Picchu, developed the state and organized the institutions and
systems that would become the hallmarks of Inca rule: national taxation
and labor levies, roadways and imperial communication network, and
extensive warehousing of food and other commodities for redistribution
throughout the empire. [MAN] (*See*, [Appendix H](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/h).)

> **Editorial note**
>
> - Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/paint112.jpg
>
> **“I
> was born as a lily in the garden and thus I was raised. And I grew and
> got old
>
> and died out and I passed away…” … and after saying these words,
>
> Pachacutec reclined his head and expired …**
> -- Sarmiento de Gamboa, 1572. [DYE]

## [Paccha Duchicela](https://incaglossary.com/p/paccha-duchicela.md)

A
princess of Ecuador, wife of [Huayna Capac](https://incaglossary.com/h/huaynacapac.md)
and mother of [Atahualpa](https://incaglossary.com/a/atahualpa.md). [WIKI]

## [Pachakúti Mesa](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachakuti-mesa.md)

(n) A
synthesis of Peruvian shamanic wisdom teachings, which focus on the
experiential use of a consecrated healing altar [as taught by Oscar
Miro-Quesada]. A syncretic blend of the [huachuma](https://incaglossary.com/h/huachuma.md)
[curanderismo](https://incaglossary.com/c/curanderismo.md) of the
north coast and the Andean [paq'okuna](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqokuna.md)
traditions of Peru.
[PSPM]

## [pacha kuyuy](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacha-kuyuy.md)

(n) Earthquake. [QP]

## [pachakamanta](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachakamanta.md)

(n) The large ornament at the start
of the [quipu](https://incaglossary.com/q/quipu.md) has as its archaic name *pachakamanta*. It means *from
a hundred* or *concerning a hundred*, which would indicate a
relation to the Inca concept of the hundred as a standardized political
unit. Ayllu Segunda Satafasca owns this example. It is decorated with a
Turk's head knot of parallel metal-wound threads. Metal-wound thread is
a design of European origin, but the manufacture appears local. [AWE]*See*, [Appendix C](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/c), for more
on quipus.

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/appc_files/paint.jpg — When the ayllus present their respective quipocamayos to the entire village, they twist the quipocamayo with all its pendants into a single large cable, and tie it into one huge knot. The large ornament marking the start of the record should point upward.

## [Pachamama](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama.md)

, Pacha
Mama: (n) (1) Mother Earth, Gaia; both the physical planet and the
goddess archetype. Universal feminine energy in time and space; cosmic
mother. Wife of [Pachacamac](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacamac.md).
 [WMO]
Goddess of the earth and overseer of planting and harvesting. seen as a
huge dragon which causes earthquakes. [GM]
The Earth Mother of the Chincha of Peru. The supreme god Pachacamac
emerged from her. She is also mentioned as his consort. [WPO]
Goddess responsible for the well-being of plants and animals. Offerings
to her of [coca](https://incaglossary.com/c/coca.md),
 [chicha](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chicha.md)
and prayers are made on all agricultural occasions. [MAN]They [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) propitiated Pachamama, and other spirits,
by placing offerings on mountaintops, in crevices and caves, and buried
near buildings or fields. One kind of offering used throughout the Inca
realm involved copper, silver, or gold figurines dressed in elaborate
miniature garments, often decorated with feathers. [BOC]
She predominates in agriculture and may have a position similar to [Roal](https://incaglossary.com/r/roal.md), since her powers are not subject to him
nor have they been delegated by him as in the case of the great [apus](https://incaglossary.com/a/apu.md). She may well be, rather, a being of
pan-earthly powers who intervenes as the feminine factor in the origin
of things. [JNP]
The [Wamanis](https://incaglossary.com/w/wamani.md) are associated with the
mountains, the highland pastures, the sky, livestock and man. Pachamama
is associated with the earth, agriculture and woman. Thus there is an
opposition between these two divinities. But they are related to each
other through the mediation of the [Amaru](https://incaglossary.com/a/amaru.md),
who inhabits the springs and lagoons of the high pastures. From there
he circulates to the valleys through streams and irrigation canals, for
his principal element is water. [Ritual offerings](https://incaglossary.com/d/despacho.md) are deposited in the springs found at the foot of the
mountains in the high country. Then the Amaru emerges from the [Ukhu Pacha](https://incaglossary.com/u/ukhupacha.md) to sweep the gifts of man down
to the valleys below. In this fashion the Wamanis (sky) communicate
with Pachamama (earth) through the mediation of the Amaru (water). [WOFW] (2)
Physical body/matter permeated by the etheric and vital stress systems,
which hold the world together. [PSPM] (Also, Mama
Pacha. *See*,
 [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md).)

> **Editorial note**
>
> - Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/droppedImage-312.jpg
>
> **The
> Pachamama is the point where time and space meet. The past, the present
> and the
>
> future are born from her and all return to her. She is the universal
> and eternal matrix.
>
> The apus, the ancestors, and the various spirits are all born from her,
> controlled by her,
>
> and protected by her. . . . Man, too, with his family and all his
> possessions . . . is born
>
> from her, nurtured and raised by her, and finally drawn back within her
> when he dies.** [GSC]

## [pachamama despacho](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamama-despacho.md)

*See*,
 [Appendix J](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/j#pachamamadespacho).

## [Pachamamakamak](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachamamakamak.md)

(n) Mother Earth as the relationship of time and space, above and
below.

## [pachaq quipu](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachaq-quipu.md)

(n) One of the meanings of pachaq is *of the earth* or *worldly*.
(*See*, [pacha](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacha.md).) Pachaq quipu was used in context as
different from [qhapaq quipu](https://incaglossary.com/q-prime/qhapaqquipu.md),
which are royal quipu. *See*,
 [Appendix C](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/c2) for more on this and
to understand more of the context. [PGO]
[ANON1]

## [Pachatira](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachatira.md)

(n) (1) Refers to a concept of earthly or subterranean
fecundity, which is important in a discussion of celestial animals
(def. 2) which originate from and are actually composed of the earth.
We find in the Andes a general belief in the subterranean origin of all
animals. [ACES] (2)
Dark cloud constellations which are located in that part of the Milky
Way ([Mayu](https://incaglossary.com/m/mayu.md)) where one sees the densest
clustering of stars and the greatest surface brightness, thus the fixed
clouds of interstellar dust [dark matter (Yana Phuyu)] have the
greatest contrast. They represent a transitional, intermediate category
of celestial phenomena; even though located in the sky, they are
classified as *pachatierra*,
or *pachatira*,
the Spanish and Quechua words for *earth*.
There is a correlation of the astronomical periodicities of the
pachatira with the biological cycles of their animal counterparts on
the earth (sp). [ACES]
(*See*,
 [yana phuyu](https://incaglossary.com/y/yana-phuyu.md)
for a fuller explanation.)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/paint122.jpg

## [Pachatusan](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachatusan.md)

(n) (1) The name of one of the sacred mountains of the Inca
empire. Its mystical significance is as the nexus, the axis of [ceke](https://incaglossary.com/c/ceke.md)
lines, of power in the [mesa](https://incaglossary.com/m/mesa.md)
which is known as pachatusan. (2) The axis to which you anchor your
engagements, your ability to assemble your reality and not collude with
 [ordinary reality](https://incaglossary.com/t/tonal.md)
(which is reaction). [JLH]

## [pacha yachachiq](https://incaglossary.com/p/pacha-yachachiq.md)

(n)
Literally, *world
teacher*. Refers to
one who intervenes on Earth as a direct manifestation of Creator,
divinity, and cosmic consciousness, such as Christ, Thunapa [and Gautama Siddartha]. [ANON1]

## [pago](https://incaglossary.com/p/pago.md)

Languages: Span

(n) (1) A [despacho](https://incaglossary.com/d/despacho.md)
offered in payment or atonement, often given with food and drink. [KOAK]
(2) Payment. [GOL]

## [pago a la tierra](https://incaglossary.com/p/pago-a-la-tierra.md)

Languages: Span

Literally, *payment
to the earth*.
Alcohol, burnt offerings and smashed pottery to ensure fertility of the
fields. [JAR]

## [pahuata-huinac, hacchiques](https://incaglossary.com/p/pahuata-huinac.md)

(n) *Monnina
salicifolia*. Pahuata-huinac means *growing at night*. Women
prepare from this plant a hair wash and believe that it stimulates
exuberant growth of the hair. The saponaceous constituents free the
scalp from dandruff and the hair from oils. The roots are very bitter
and have a much higher saponine content than the rest of the plant.
Excellent medicinal virtues, especially for treating dysenteries,
reside in these roots. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pahuata-huinac.jpg — Pahuata-huinac. [WIKI]

## [paico, payco](https://incaglossary.com/p/paico.md)

(n) (*Dysphania
ambrosioides*, formerly *Chenopodium ambrosioides*.) Also
called epazote, wormseed, Jesuit's tea, Mexican tea, or herba Sancti
Mariæ. The most common medicinal use of the leaf is antihelmintic
(destructive to worms) and antiparasitic. Paico leaf is also considered
effective in treating skin and kidney diseases, stomach aches,
hemorrhoids, high blood pressure, inflammations, and asthma. Recent
studies show it to be effective against many different cancerous tumor
cells. In homes, people hang branches in the house to repel insects and
use the leaf to season soups. [AHC]   Paico is commonly
believed to prevent flatulence caused by eating beans and is therefore
used to season them. It is also used in the treatment of amenorrhea,
dysmenorrhea, malaria, chorea, hysteria, catarrh and asthma. [WIKI] Should
not be used while pregnant or nursing. Has traditionally been used to
induce abortions. Do not take while trying to conceive. [WAHC] It is
the best naturally occurring vermifuge and until very recently it
constituted the basis for many compound remedies. [DYE]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/paico.jpg — Paico

## [Paititi](https://incaglossary.com/p/paititi.md)

*See*, [Paytiti](https://incaglossary.com/p/paytiti.md).

## [pakasqa](https://incaglossary.com/p/pakasqa.md)

(adj) Hidden. [PSL]

## [palero](https://incaglossary.com/p/palero.md)

Languages: Span

(n) A [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md) who uses [entheogenics](https://incaglossary.com/e/entheogenic.md) from the bark of various trees such as ayahúman (*Couroupita guianensis*), [huacapú](https://incaglossary.com/h/huacapu.md) (*Minquartia guinensis*), [clavohuasca](https://incaglossary.com/c/clavohuasca.md) (*Tynanthas panurensis*), [chuchuwasha](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chuchuwasha.md) (*Heisteria pallida*), [ch'ullanchaki-caspi](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chullanchaki-caspi.md) (*Tovomita sp.*, Guttiferae), [remocaspi](https://incaglossary.com/r/remocaspi.md) (*Aspidosperma excelsum* Benth.), lupuna colorada (*Cavanillesia hylogeiton*), *et al.* [AYV]

## [palo santo](https://incaglossary.com/p/palo-santo.md)

Languages: Span

Literally, *holy stick*. A type of incense used in [curanderismo](https://incaglossary.com/c/curanderismo.md) for purification and to
bring in refined energies; incense used to counteract [daño](https://incaglossary.com/d/dano.md) in the form of [mal aire](https://incaglossary.com/m/malaire.md). [PSPM]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/palosanto.jpg — A block of palo santo.

## [pambamuri](https://incaglossary.com/p/pambamuri.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) A mythological huge, hairy ray fish, also known as [rayamama](https://incaglossary.com/r/rayamama.md),
sometimes 30-40 meters wide.  Whirlwinds ride atop it and it is
connected with soul imprisonment.  It sinks boats, erodes
riverbanks and acts as a lid for a network of subterranean tunnels
which connect cities at the bottom of lakes and rivers. [AYV]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/droppedImage-322.jpg

## [pampa, bamba](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampa.md)

(n) (1) Land, ground, valley. [RS]
Plain or flat area of any size. [CSCR] (2)
Understanding and dialogue with elementals and nature. (*See*,
 [pampamesayoq](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampamesayoq.md).)
(adj) Flat. [CSCR]

## [pampa aklla conas](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampa-aklla-conas.md)

*See*,
 [akllas](https://incaglossary.com/a/aklla.md).

## [Pampachaway!](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampachaway.md)

(expression) Excuse me! Sorry! [RS]

## [pampachay](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampachay.md)

(v) To forgive, to pardon; literally, *to
make level*
. [PSL]
[RS]

## [pampalla-soncco](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampalla-soncco.md)

(adj) Inattentive; scattered
of mind. [DYE]

## [pampamesayoq](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampamesayoq.md)

(n) [Shamanic](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md) level of caretaker of the
land, cycles of the natural world; keeper of the earth. [AVO]
Lower shaman; Andean priest of the second level who specializes in
rituals like performing [despachos](https://incaglossary.com/d/despacho.md) or [coca](https://incaglossary.com/c/coca.md) leaf [readings](https://incaglossary.com/d/divination.md).
 [RS]
An inferior [to the [altomesayoc](https://incaglossary.com/a/altomesayoc.md)]
shaman of the Andes who has been struck by lightning only once. The
pampamesayoq can practice both black magic and [divination](https://incaglossary.com/d/divination.md), as well as cure and combat
black magic. The pampamesayoq is guided by the [Koa](https://incaglossary.com/k/koa.md).
The Koa selects the shaman and gives him power by striking him with
lightning. [WOFW] *The one of the low table*
is like a general medical practitioner treating all types of physical
and mental ailments, performing cleansing rituals to eliminate bad
spirits, divining with coca leaves, and conducting ceremonies to honor *Pachamama*
(*see*, above), the [Awkis](https://incaglossary.com/a/awki.md) and [Apus](https://incaglossary.com/a/apu.md). [ACAI]

## [pampa warmi](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampa-warmi.md)

(1) A
prostitute; (2) an adulteress. [RS]

## [pampayruna](https://incaglossary.com/p/pampayruna.md)

(n) A female prostitute.
They were located in the outskirts of the populated centers. [DYE]

## [pana, pani, panay](https://incaglossary.com/p/pana.md)

*See*,
paña, below.

## [panaca, panaka](https://incaglossary.com/p/panaca.md)

(n) The original ten or so royal [ayllus](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayllu.md)
of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
imperial household; direct descendants of the first ten kings of [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md).
The panacas complemented the original ten ayllus of the [tambos](https://incaglossary.com/t/tambo.md)
at [Tambo Toco](https://incaglossary.com/t/tambotoco.md).
 [MAN]
In Inca times this word refers to the twelve royal lineages of Inca
families that competed in the [Wiracocha Temple](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiracochatemple.md)
to become the next [Sapa Inca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md)
or ruler of the Empire. [QNO]
[RS] Family
group. [DYE] Sometimes
used generically as a word for mystical lineages. [ANON1] (*See*, [Appendix H](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/h).)

## [pancunco](https://incaglossary.com/p/pancunco.md)

(n) A
ritual game played after the [Situa](https://incaglossary.com/s/situa.md)
ceremony. [DYE]

> **Editorial note**
>
> **Each individual armed himself with a large bunch of [ichu](https://incaglossary.com/i/ichu.md) and, tying it to the end of a cord, he
> would set fire to it. Swinging it over his head, each attempted to
> persecute those near him smashing the flimsy fireball on body or limb.
> It is apparent that, except for a few superficial burns, no real damage
> was done or reported. The game, according to the description, was
> carried on with an ample display of humor and gaiety, and each attempt
> to strike somebody with the burning ichu was accompanied by shouts of
> “out, out with disease!”** [DYE]

## [panga-cometas](https://incaglossary.com/p/panga-cometas.md)

(n) Comets of living leaves which change into flying animals that
assist the [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md)
(sp). [AYV]

## [pani](https://incaglossary.com/p/pani.md)

*See*,
paña, below.

## [panque, panke](https://incaglossary.com/p/panque.md)

(n) *Gunnera
tinctoria*. The mucilage from the tender stems and fresh shoots is
applied to the kidneys to lower the temperature of the blood in severe
fevers. The decoction and powder of the root are believed to be good
astringents and have various therapeutic uses. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/panque.jpg — Panque.

## [panshin oni](https://incaglossary.com/p/panshinoni.md)

Languages: Panoan

One of three kinds of [ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayahuasca.md)
distinguished by the Shipibo according to color, yellow ayahuasca,
from vines having three different [mamas](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md):
the [boa](https://incaglossary.com/b/boa.md), the grasshopper and the [chicua](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chicua.md) bird, which with its song
announces whether the [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md)
should cut the vine at that time. [AYV]Yellow
ayahuasca, traditionally considered the best for initiation. The most
commonly employed in [curanderismo](https://incaglossary.com/c/curanderismo.md)
in Amazonian Peru. [WSEC]  
(*See*,
 [oni](https://incaglossary.com/o/oni.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/panshinoni.jpg — Panshin oni.

## [panta](https://incaglossary.com/p/panta.md)

(adj) Wrong, mistaken. [QP]

## [pantacak](https://incaglossary.com/p/pantacak.md)

(adj)
Mentally perturbed. [DYE]

## [pantay](https://incaglossary.com/p/pantay.md)

(v) To make an error. [QP]

## [pantayta-uyarini](https://incaglossary.com/p/pantayta-uyarini.md)

(adj)
Hard of hearing. [DYE]

## [panteon](https://incaglossary.com/p/panteon.md)

(n) Cemetery (sp.). [PSL]

## [paña](https://incaglossary.com/p/pana-2.md)

(n) (1) Female friend of a male, sister of a man. [QP]
[ICC]
(2) Right hand; right side. [QNO] (3) By
balancing your own [lloke](https://incaglossary.com/ll/lloke.md) and paña
energies, and following the pathway of your power, you can go through
any obstacle, even physical walls. [IGMP]Right
hand side of the path, relating to mystical knowledge; the cold,
rational, objective and structured side of the path governing
initiation and ritual; known as "the road to god." The side of the path
where the [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)
communicates directly with spirits. [Lloke](https://incaglossary.com/ll/lloke.md)
and paña must be integrated to fully push the [kawsay](https://incaglossary.com/k/kawsay.md). [JLH]That
which is correct and in alignment with good. [PSPM] The road
to God, focusing on mystical knowledge and the rational, objective and
structured side of the path governing initiation and ritual. [ANON1] (3)
Feminine equivalent of [wayqi](https://incaglossary.com/w/wayqi.md).
 [JLH] (*See*,[authentic self](https://incaglossary.com/a/authenticself.md).)

## [papalisa](https://incaglossary.com/p/papalisa.md)

*See*, [ulluco](https://incaglossary.com/u/ulluco.md).

## [Papamtúa](https://incaglossary.com/p/papamtua.md)

Languages: Amaz

The Father that takes care of everybody. [AYV]
(*See*,
 [Pachacamac](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacamac.md))

## [papas-trueno](https://incaglossary.com/p/papas-trueno.md)

(n)
(*Dioscorea
sp.*)
is a kind of yam. The person who consumes this plant is able to summon
the rain or keep it from falling, to control the wind and thunderbolt.
It is very difficult to obtain, found in high hills in the jungle. It
looks like a golden heart. [AYV]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/droppedImage-332.jpg

## [paqar](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqar.md)

(adv) Very early in the morning. [TLD]

## [paqaricu, pacaricu](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqaricu.md)

(n) The rites of
death, which lasted five days and consisted of the preparation of the
body for burial, many magic and religious rites, and ample indulgence
in food and alcoholic beverages in an atmosphere of mournful music and
wailing. The cult of the dead in Peru was raised to heights never
attained by any other culture of the world. In some regions and
cultures artificial mummification was performed or were evidently the
product of natural dehydration produced by the dryness of the desert
sands, or the coldness of the mountain caves, or the limitations of
putrefaction by the airtight wrappings with which the cadaver was
protected. The cadaver was then subjected to a careful process with
different substances, mainly of vegetable origin. Of these secret
procedures very little is known. The bodies of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) elite were carefully prepared to avoid
corruption; they were eviscerated and the heart was kept in some holy
place separate from the rest of the body. [Garcilaso](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#garcilaso) tells us that the heart and
main viscerae of the Incas were kept in the Temple of Tampu
(Ollantaytambo). [Cobo](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#cobo) says that they
were kept inside a human form representing the sun god. The statue was
made of gold, except for the hollow abdomen “which was filled with a
paste made of gold dust and mixed with the ashes of the hearts of all
the Incas.” [DYE] [It is interesting that the
word for the death rites has the same root (*paqa*) as is in the
words for emergence, birth, dawn, etc. This gives more perspective on
the [cult of the dead](https://incaglossary.com/c/cultofthedead.md) (*see*). -- Patt]

## [paqarichiy](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarichiy.md)

(v) To found, to originate. [RS]To give
life. Establish. [TLD]

## [paqarimuy](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarimuy.md)

(v) To be born. [RS]

## [paqarina, pacarina](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarina.md)

(n) (1) After the [Uñu Pachacuti](https://incaglossary.com/u/unupachacuti.md), [Wiracocha](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiracocha.md) made the
different peoples out of clay and then painted on the garments that
each group was to wear. Each was given its own language, songs, and
favorite foods and even hairstyle. Then he sent them to the various
regions to which he had assigned them -- the lakes, caves and mountains
from which they re-emerged into the light. [IAWS]
Communication between the surface of the earth and the [Ukhupacha](https://incaglossary.com/u/ukhupacha.md) was achieved through the
paqarinas -- caves, volcanic craters, springs and lagoons. [WOFW] A paqarina is an opening in
space/time believed to be an entry and exit point between worlds. [PSPM] Their dual interpretation of
the world found the concept of the paqarina as an answer to the riddle
[of physical causes vs. psychosomatic illness]. Man was not permitted
to leave his original milieu because he was bound to a life within the
reign of his own regional gods; the mountain, the lake, the river, the
ocean, the jungle, the plateau. And if he went away, he committed a
grave sin. A sin against his own god; and, just as important, a sin
against the rules of the Empire. [*See*, [climatology](https://incaglossary.com/c/climatology.md), for more on this.] [DYE] Places of emergence such as
caves, water, mythical beings. Good sources for inspiration and
creative energy. [JLH]
Place of origin or dawning. Most ancient and many modern Andean ethnic
groups and [ayllus](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayllu.md)
consider a particular rock, cave, spring, mountain, or other natural
feature as their paqarina. [CSCR]
 Portal to
the kingdoms of creation. [RMFA] *Compare*, [nierika](https://incaglossary.com/n/nierika.md)
and [torus](https://incaglossary.com/t/torus.md). (2) Female nature spirit who
is the guardian of one's birthplace; most prominent feminine aspect of
the natural geography at one's birth site. [JLH]
[QNO]
(3)
Female counterpart of the [Itu Apu](https://incaglossary.com/i/ituapu.md).
 [RS]
[QNO]
(*See*,
 [Susurpuquio](https://incaglossary.com/s/susurpuquio.md),
for an image.)

## [paqarik acllu](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqarikacllu.md)

(n) The stutterer from birth
and who will always be so. [DYE]

## [paqariy](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqariy.md)

(v) To be
born, appear from, originate. [TLD]

## [paqcha](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqcha.md)

(n) A carved and painted staff-like device with a bowl on one end, used
in [divination](https://incaglossary.com/d/divination.md)
ceremonies by [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
priests. [MAN]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/paint162.jpg

## [paqocha](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqocha.md)

(n) A cross between an
alpaca and a llama. [TLD] *See*, paq'o, def. 2.

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/paqocha.jpg — Paqochakuna with herders.

## [paq'o](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqo.md)

(n) (1) Healer, [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)
in the Andean tradition who treats soul illness. By returning balance
between the body and spirit through complex rituals, plant and animal
medicines, and healing stones, paq'os treat the cause of illness rather
than alleviating only its physical symptoms. [ACAI] (The paq'o tradition is
itself divided into three levels: *pampamesayoq* (*see*, above), [altomesayoq](https://incaglossary.com/a/altomesayoc.md) and [kurak akulliq](https://incaglossary.com/k/kurakakulliqa.md).) (2) A white [llama](https://incaglossary.com/ll/llama.md) or alpaca, a confusion of the Spanish
who thought that was the Quechua word for the animal. These white
animals *talked* and gave prophecies, which is why they were
called paq'os. [JLH]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/droppedImage-342.jpg

## [paq'okuna, paqokuna](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqokuna.md)

(n) [Medicine](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicine.md) people. [JLH]
The [shamanic](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md) practitioners of [hampiq](https://incaglossary.com/h/hampiq.md) of the Southern Andes.[PSPM] A generic
title for the Andean shaman, regardless of power and specialty. A white
magician. [WOFW] (*see*, *pampamesayoq*,
above), [altomesayoq](https://incaglossary.com/a/altomesayoc.md) and [kurak akulliq](https://incaglossary.com/k/kurakakulliqa.md).) (*See*, also, *paq'o* above.)

## [paq'o wachu](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqowachu.md)

(n) (1) A sacred pilgrimage
in the form of a vision quest. A path of payment. [PSPM] Literally, *the awakening
of the spiritual seed* in a [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)
initiate. [PGO] The tradition of vision
quest; communion with and the received spirit medicine of the [Apu](https://incaglossary.com/a/apu.md)kuna. [ANON1] (2) Also used to refer to
those who observe this practice or carry the lineage. [ANON1]

## [paq'o wachu chaka apacheta](https://incaglossary.com/p/paqo-wachu-chaka-apacheta.md)

(n) An [apacheta](https://incaglossary.com/a/apacheta.md) built in honoring of a
pilgrimage site, usually with [despacho](https://incaglossary.com/d/despacho.md)
fire-pit nearby. [ANON1]

## [para](https://incaglossary.com/p/para.md)

(n) Rain. [QP]
The conscious being that is sacred rain. [ANON1]

## [Paracas](https://incaglossary.com/p/paracas.md)

(n) A culture on the south coast of Peru, one of the first to develop
mummification and, probably, ancestor worship, which influenced all
later West coastal and Andean cultures. [MAN]
(*See*,
 [mallqui](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallqui.md).)

## [para-pára](https://incaglossary.com/p/para-para.md)

See,
[hiporúru](https://incaglossary.com/h/hiporuru.md). [THIM]

## [Paratia](https://incaglossary.com/p/paratia.md)

A
community in the mountains outside [Puno](https://incaglossary.com/p/puno.md).
Historically very inaccessible, over the centuries it has received
little impact from outside influences. The inhabitants are considered
to have the purest lineage of the Inca textiles. [IGMP]

## [Pariti](https://incaglossary.com/p/pariti.md)

(n) In
August 2004, a Finnish-Bolivian research team working on the island of
Pariti in [Lake Titicaca](https://incaglossary.com/l/laketiticaca.md) made one of
the most significant discoveries in recent years of Bolivian
archaeology. In two features dug and filled in by the Tiwanaku people around A.D. 1000, the team
recovered the sherds of over 400 smashed ceramic vessels. [AMZ] Until
recently, one of Bolivia's newest archeological finds was stored in a
suburban house in a La Paz subdivision. Every available surface in the
house was covered with ceramics: a foot embellished with skulls; a
vessel depicting a nobleman with a turban-shaped headdress, a wad of
coca leaves stuffed in his cheek; two identical vessels in the form of
a wrinkled old man holding a duck, a spout projecting from his back.
There were vivid images of pumas, monkeys, condors, and fanciful
hybrids thereof, man-eating creatures dancing and undulating, grinning
and grimacing. Though these stunning pieces are at least a thousand
years old, the cracks they bear are not a result of the ravages of
time. These vessels were “assassinated.” At least that is the theory
posited by the team of archeologists that excavated the objects on
Pariti island last year. The archeologists believe that sometime
between 900 and 1050 A.D. the ceramics were deliberately broken and
deposited in a pit on the island, along with the bones of sacrificed [llamas](https://incaglossary.com/ll/llama.md), in a religious ritual — hence the
term *cerámica asesinada*, or killed ceramics. The group's thesis
is that the vessels were buried as a ritual offering to the sacred
lake. While this thesis is not universally shared, many archeologists
agree that the surprising iconography and styles of these objects
should provide new insights into the culture and society of Tiwanaku. [WANC] *See*, [scarification](https://incaglossary.com/s/scarification.md) for a photo of one of
the pieces.

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pariti.jpg — Isla Pariti is located just off the Bolivian shore in the southeastern section of Lake Titicaca as seen in this satellite photo. The major part of the lake is to the northwest and not shown in this photo. See, map at [Appendix B](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/b).
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/S_files/scarification.jpg — A man of Tiwanako, a ceramic piece found at Pariti. Note the [orejón](https://incaglossary.com/o/orejones.md) hole in the ear lobe.

## [Pariacaca, Pariya Qaqa](https://incaglossary.com/p/pariacaca.md)

(n) Literally, *igneous
rock*.
 [MOC]
(1) An ancient pre-[Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
god of water, rain and storms, as well as a god of creation. A
five-fold being, he was born as a falcon, but assumed a human form
later. He was worshipped in the Central Andes and defeated [Huallallo Carhuincho](https://incaglossary.com/h/huallallocarhuincho.md).
 [WPO]
(2) The mountain of the same name which is the embodiment of the god.

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/droppedImage-352.jpg

## [parqui, palqui](https://incaglossary.com/p/parqui.md)

(n) *Cestrum parqui*. Chilean natives employ a decoction or
infusion in treating intermittent fevers; an infusion of the inner bark
is drunk in fast periods to cure stomach ills. [REPC] Contains
many alkaloids. All parts of the plant are poisonous; the leaves, bark
and wood are psychoactive; it has been used widely in practical
medicine. [PDB] The plant
is also known to be toxic to livestock and humans. Death is usually
rapid and painful. [WIKI]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/parqui.jpg — Parqui. [PDB]

## [pastilla](https://incaglossary.com/p/pastilla.md)

(n) (Span) Pill. [QP]

## [pata](https://incaglossary.com/p/pata.md)

(n) (1) Place. (2) Upper part. A high place or higher zone,
elevation-wise. [ANON1] (adv) (1)
Above. On top of. (2) Because of. [TLD]

## [Patá](https://incaglossary.com/p/pata-2.md)

(n) A
constellation we know as the *Belt of Orion*, also known as the *Three
Marys*. Mochica, Lambayeque and Chimu cultures show this
constellation in their pottery, depicting a central figure of a man
whose arms are held by other two persons, usually women. These three
stars were considered by the Chimu to represent a thief being led by
two envoys of the Moon who must throw the prisoner to the carrion
birds, that group of stars immediately below. The representation of
this constellation was a very popular subject as a funereal offering
[see lower picture below]. [DYE]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pata1.jpg — The constellation of Patá.
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pata2.jpg — Northern Peruvian ceramics frequently show this group of three persons which probably represents the constellation of Patá. This piece is Mochica. [DYE]

## [pata pata](https://incaglossary.com/p/pata-pata.md)

(1) A
terrace formed of earth, bordered by stones, that kept agriculture from
eroding the mountainsides. The most important crop of the pata pata was
the potato. (2) Stairs, staircase. [TLD]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/patapata.png — A mountainside with pata patas.

## [Paullu Inca](https://incaglossary.com/p/paullu-inca.md)

(1518-1549) The second [Manco Capac's](https://incaglossary.com/m/manco-capac.md)
younger half-brother who greatly supported him during the first
turbulent months of his rule as puppet-[Inca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md)
in [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md).
However, when Manco Capac was in rebellion, Paullu sided with the
Spanish and seized his opportunity to become puppet-Inca in Cusco. He
then embraced the Spanish lifestyle enthusiastically. He wore Spanish
clothes, received instruction in the Catholic religion and was baptized
Don Melchor Carlos Inca. With the zeal of a fresh convert, he betrayed
the location of some of the mummies of his forefathers. [HDP]
An Inca who ruled the empire under Spanish direction. [AEAA]
(*See*,
 [mallqui](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallqui.md) and [Appendix H](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/h).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/paulluinca.jpg — Paullu Inca (Don Melchor Carlos Inca). Drawing by Felipe Guaman [Poma](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#poma) de Ayala.

## [pawi](https://incaglossary.com/p/pawi.md)

(n) Darkness, confusion. [PSL]

## [pawikuy](https://incaglossary.com/p/pawikuy.md)

(v) To be confused. [PSL]

## [payan](https://incaglossary.com/p/payan.md)

(n) (1) Secondary [ceke](https://incaglossary.com/c/ceke.md)
from energy stored in an energy center; the community level
manifestation of the ceke line. (2) A term for categorizing the
importance of things, in this case medium. (*See*,
 [huaca](https://incaglossary.com/h/huaca.md), [kollana](https://incaglossary.com/k/kollana.md), [kayao](https://incaglossary.com/k/kayao.md)
and [Appendix F](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/f).) [JLH]

## [payés](https://incaglossary.com/p/payes.md)

[Amaz]:
(n) A [medicine](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicine.md) man of the Desana tribe
of the Amazon. [AYV]

## [Paytiti, Paititi](https://incaglossary.com/p/paytiti.md)

(n) A mythical jungle city where [Inkari](https://incaglossary.com/i/inkari.md)
lives until he can return to unite the [Tawantinsuyu](https://incaglossary.com/t/tawantinsuyu.md).
The masculine counterpart of [Miscayani](https://incaglossary.com/m/miscayani.md).
 [KOAK]
The Mythical City of Gold or El Dorado spoken of in many historical
writings on the [Incas](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md).
The Spanish were searching to plunder El Dorado, but more than likely
misunderstood the spiritual significance of gold to the Inca. [RS]

## [pehuén](https://incaglossary.com/p/pehuen.md)

*See*, [monkey puzzle tree](https://incaglossary.com/m/monkeypuzzletree.md).

## [penance](https://incaglossary.com/p/penance.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
Atonement for misdeeds. Penances were apt to be severe. They almost
always involved fasting, which in [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
terms did not mean going without food altogether but merely without
meat and seasonings. A more peculiar penance involved being beaten with
nettles by hunchbacks who had been specially employed for this purpose.
 [IAWS]

## [perfumero](https://incaglossary.com/p/perfumero.md)

Languages: Span

A [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md)
who employs different fragrances to use in healing. [AYV]
A vegetalista who has learned the way of the plants by [dieting](https://incaglossary.com/d/diet.md)
with a perfume extracted from several varieties of teacher plants. [EMM]

## [perla](https://incaglossary.com/p/perla.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Literally, *pearl*. Two flat seashells reserved for
use by the [alzadores](https://incaglossary.com/a/alzador.md) which are used to
hold a liquid mixture to be snuffed into the nostrils prior to
performing [levantar la mesa](https://incaglossary.com/l/levantarlamesa.md). [WOFW]

## [personal power](https://incaglossary.com/p/personalpower.md)

Languages: Eng

(n) The process by
which the [nagual](https://incaglossary.com/n/nagual.md) props up the [tonal](https://incaglossary.com/t/tonal.md). One of the balancing acts of the
warrior is to make the nagual emerge in order to prop up the tonal,
allowing the latter to be the protected overseer.  [TOP] (*See*, [luminous warrior](https://incaglossary.com/l/luminouswarrior.md).)

## [peumo](https://incaglossary.com/p/peumo.md)

(n) *Cryptocarya alba*.
The Chileans assert that the fruits possess virtues valuable in
treating dropsy [an old term for edema (swelling) -- Patt]. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/peumo.png — Fruit of peumo.

## [phosphene](https://incaglossary.com/p/phosphene.md)

Languages: Eng

A phenomenon
characterized by the experience of seeing light without light actually
entering the eye. [WIKI]

## [picchu, piqchu](https://incaglossary.com/p/picchu.md)

(n) (1) Pyramid. [TLD] (2) The cud produced by
chewing [coca](https://incaglossary.com/c/coca.md) (this cud is often shaped into
a small pyramid and given as an offering). [ANON1]

## [pichay](https://incaglossary.com/p/pichay.md)

(v) To sweep; to clean; to erase. [RS]

## [pichi-pichi, pichi](https://incaglossary.com/p/pichi-pichi.md)

(n) *Fabiana
imbricata*. Pichi-pichi is held sacred for its powers as an incense,
as the plant produces a large quantity of fragrant smoke when burned.
In Chile, and many other South American countries, the fresh or dried
herbage is burned during most all traditional ceremonies, festivals,
offerings to nature deities, and so forth. Many native peoples keep
bundles of the branches to light as incense whenever purification,
cleansing, or an energy shift is needed. When an individual is ill, the
sick room is filled with the smoke of pichi-pichi, which is said to
banish unwanted spirits and demons, and to push away the darkness of
sickness. In the Atacama Desert, this incense is burned to purify
spaces, and to calm and liberate the spirits of the dead. [ELC] This plant is believed to
possess wondrous antihelmintic properties for curing sheep and goats of
an ailment (pirguín) that wipes out whole flocks. This is why farmers
take affected animals to pastures where pichi-pichi abounds. With this
fodder, the animals recover and fatten up in a few days. [REPC] In the Atacama Desert, the
smoke is regarded as a *payment* for the dead and for general
purification; the spirits of the dead are tamed and dispelled by the
smoke. [EPP]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pichipichi.jpg — Pichi-pichi.

## [Piguerao](https://incaglossary.com/p/piguerao.md)

(n) Twin brother of [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
god [Apocatequil](https://incaglossary.com/a/apocatequil.md).
 [DRB]

## [Pihca Conqui](https://incaglossary.com/p/pihca-conqui.md)

A constellation named in the [Huarochirí Manuscript](https://incaglossary.com/h/huarochirimanuscript.md) and said to consist of a perfect ring of stars. [AEAA]

## [pijchuy](https://incaglossary.com/p/pijchuy.md)

(v) To chew [coca](https://incaglossary.com/c/coca.md).
 [PSL]

## [pinco-pinco](https://incaglossary.com/p/pinco-pinco.md)

(n) *Ephedra andina*.
 Pinco-pinco is a shrubby plant which inhabits the South American
Andes from Ecuador to South Chile and Argentina. The stems of most
members of this genus contain the alkaloid ephedrine and are valuable
in the treatment of asthma and many other complaints of the respiratory
system. It is a bronchodilator. The whole plant can be used at much
lower concentrations than the isolated constituents -- unlike using the
isolated ephedrine, using the whole plant rarely gives rise to
side-effects. Ephedra does not cure asthma but in many cases it is very
effective in treating the symptoms and thus making life easier for the
sufferer. Pinco-pinco's stems and tops are used as an anti-flatulent,
anticongestive, for treatment for inflammation of the gums, and bladder
infections, as an anti-tumoral, antibacterial, as well as a treatment
for dysentery and as an antiseptic for wounds. It is also well-known as
a depurative and diuretic. It reduces callus production. Ecuadorean
peasants attribute amongst its benefits treatments for syphilis, mucous
secretions, blood purifier and antirheumatic. [AHC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pincopinco.jpg — Pinco-pinco. [WIKI]

## [pinkuyllus](https://incaglossary.com/p/pinkuyllus.md)

(n) Blue rods that go into [wiska despachos](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiskadespacho.md)
to deflect disruptive energies. [JLH]

## [pino de Chile](https://incaglossary.com/p/pino-de-chile.md)

*See*, [monkey puzzle tree](https://incaglossary.com/m/monkeypuzzletree.md).

## [piri-piri](https://incaglossary.com/p/piri-piri.md)

*See*,
 [caballo piri-piri](https://incaglossary.com/c/caballopiripiri.md).

## [Piru, Piruw](https://incaglossary.com/p/piru.md)

(n) The colonial name for Peru. [RS]

## [pisada](https://incaglossary.com/p/pisada.md)

Languages: Span

(n) From *pisar*,
to step on; to possess sexually or mount. [SEES] A maleficent act carried out
against a victim by a [huaca](https://incaglossary.com/h/huaca.md) or by the [encanto](https://incaglossary.com/e/encanto.md) of a power place. [GOL] *See*, also, [love magic](https://incaglossary.com/l/love-magic.md).

## [pischaco](https://incaglossary.com/p/pischaco.md)

(n) Dis-spirited one who prays on the energy life force of others; the
living dead. [RS]

## [pisco](https://incaglossary.com/p/pisco.md)

(n) A
traditional liquor used in ceremonies both divine and profane. It is a
product of the European invaders who craved more familiar libations
than [chicha](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chicha.md).
A pure, highly potent, aromatic brandy distilled in Peru from a grape
called the *quebranta*,
pisco eventually became known by the port from which it was exported.

## [pita, ancaschampascera, maguey](https://incaglossary.com/p/pita.md)

(n) *Agave americana*. The Indians
employ an infusion and decoction of the roots to cure rheumatic and
venereal pains. It is drunk in large quantities. The leaves yield a
honey or extract which is believed to be excellent for cleansing and
healing ulcers. The leaves are roasted and the juice is squeezed out
whilst they are still hot. The extract is then boiled down to the
thickness of soft honey, in which state it is applied with no other
agent to cure not only ulcers in man but also sores on beasts of burden
and the wounds which they often suffer on the head and feet. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pita.png — Pita, or <i>Agave americana</i>.

## [pitay](https://incaglossary.com/p/pitay.md)

(v) To smoke tobacco. [QP]

## [Pitu Siray](https://incaglossary.com/p/pitusiray.md)

and
 **Sawa
Siray**:
(n) The names of twin peaks, are counted as one of the sacred mountains
of the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md)
empire.  Their mystical significance is duality, [yanantin](https://incaglossary.com/y/yanantin.md)**/**[masintin](https://incaglossary.com/m/masintin.md)
(dissimilar/similar), [hapu ranti](https://incaglossary.com/h/hapuranti.md)
(right relationship). [JLH]

(*See*,
 [Apu](https://incaglossary.com/a/apu.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pitusiray.jpg — The valley of Pitu Siray near Cusco.

## [Pizarro, Francisco](https://incaglossary.com/p/pizarro.md)

ca.1476–1541,
Spanish conquistador, conqueror of Peru. Born in Trujillo, he was an
illegitimate son of a Spanish gentleman and as a child was an
illiterate swineherd. Pizzaro accompanied Ojeda to Colombia in 1510 and
was with Balboa when he discovered the Pacific. Hearing of the fabled
wealth of the [Incas](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md), he formed (1524) a
partnership with Diego de Almagro and Fernando de Luque (a priest who
secured funds). The first expedition reached the San Juan River, part
of the present boundary between Ecuador and Colombia. On the second
(1526–28), Pizarro explored the swampy coast farther south while his
pilot, Bartolomé Ruiz, crossed the equator and then returned to bring
definite news of the southern realms. In 1528 his partners sent him to
Spain to secure aid from Emperor Charles V; he achieved this and gained
for himself most of the future profits. Sailing south, Pizarro landed
at Tumbes (1532) and ascended the Andes to Cajamarca, where the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md), [Atahualpa](https://incaglossary.com/a/atahualpa.md),
awaited him. Professing friendship, he enticed Atahualpa into the power
of the Spanish, seized him, exacted a stupendous ransom (*see*,
 [Rumiñahui](https://incaglossary.com/r/ruminahuia.md)), and then
treacherously had him executed. The conquest of Peru was virtually
completed by the capture of [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md), which
was later defended against Inca forces led by [Manco Capac](https://incaglossary.com/m/manco-capac.md). Pizarro set about
consolidating his conquest by founding new settlements, notably the
present capital of Peru, Lima, and allotting land and Native Americans
to his followers. [IPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pizarro1.jpg — Francisco Pizarro, portrait and signature (left).
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pizarro2.jpg — Pizarro, by Felipe Guaman [Poma](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#poma) de Ayala (right).

## [placenta](https://incaglossary.com/p/placenta.md)

Languages: Eng

(n) The placenta of
royalty had a definitive importance. [Chronicler](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#sarmiento)
Sarmiento de Gamboa states that Inca Yupanqui built a palace in which
he placed a statue of gold representing his mother Mama Rawa Occlo; in
the womb of the statue he placed the placenta from his own birth. “It
was customary to save the placenta when a prince was born…” [DYE]

## [plant teachers](https://incaglossary.com/p/plantteachers.md)

(n) Used
by [vegetalistas](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md) who believe
that if they fulfill certain conditions of isolation and follow a
prescribed diet, these plants are able to "teach" them how to diagnose
and cure illnesses, how to perform other shamanic tasks, usually
through magic melodies or [icaros](https://incaglossary.com/i/icaro.md), and how
to use medicinal plants. They either: (1) produce hallucinations if
taken alone; (2) modify in some way the effects of the ayahuasca
beverage; (3) produce dizziness; (4) possess strong emetic and/or
cathartic properties; (5) bring on specially vivid dreams. Quite often
a plant has all these characteristics, or some of them. All
psychoactive plants are considered potential teachers. *La purga
mlsma te enseña* (the purgative itself teaches you), referring to
the ayahuasca beverage. By ingesting and following the diet for a plant
the shaman is trying to participate in some of its qualities. Many of
the plant teachers are very tall trees, that resist heavy rains, winds
and inundations. The shaman will then be able to withstand the elements
in the same way. Some of the plant teachers produce visions only when
associated with [ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayahuasca.md). Others
produce only *[una mareación ciega](https://incaglossary.com/m/mareacionciega.md)*
(a blind dizziness), in which you do not see anything. Other plants
teach only during the dreams. The teaching of native languages by
plants is quite a widespread belief. [MSIN]
 Andean man sees himself as one plant more in the countryside,
fixed in the earth and dependent upon her. [WOFW]

> **Editorial note**
>
> **[Vegetalista]
> Don Celso never had a [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md) as his
> teacher. On one occasion
>
> he made a very significant remark: "That is why some doctors believe
> that
>
> the vegetalismo is stronger than a [medicina de estudio](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicinadeestudio.md) (Western
> medicine),
>
> because they learn by reading books. But we just take this liquid, keep
>
> the [diet](https://incaglossary.com/d/diet.md), and then we learn."**
> [MSIN]

## [Pleiades](https://incaglossary.com/p/pleiades.md)

This constellation is also known as the Seven Sisters. (*See*,
 [Collca](https://incaglossary.com/c/collca.md) and [Onqoy](https://incaglossary.com/o/onqoy.md).)

## [pocosca sonqoyok](https://incaglossary.com/p/pocosca-sonqoyok.md)

(adj) Of
mature judgment. [DYE]

## [point zero](https://incaglossary.com/p/point-zero.md)

*See*,
 [zero point](https://incaglossary.com/z/zeropoint.md).

## [Poma, de Ayala Felipe](https://incaglossary.com/p/poma.md)

*See*, bio
in [Appendix M](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/m#poma).

## [pomaysancca](https://incaglossary.com/p/pomaysancca.md)

(n) *Caiophora
cirsiifolia*. Women in rural areas take an infusion or decoction to
induce menstruation. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pomaysancca.jpg — Pomaysancca

## [pompóm](https://incaglossary.com/p/pompom.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) One of the birds used in the science of the [vegetalistas](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md).
 [AYV]

## [ponq'o](https://incaglossary.com/p/ponqo.md)

(n) Medicine circle; literally,
*a dark place in the water where trout gather*.
It takes the form of an energy exchange from the [waynus](https://incaglossary.com/w/waynu.md)
of the individuals involved. In a group of three, the person at the
head sends energy through her waynu, the person lying down transmits
that energy, and the person at the feet receives it. The energy turns
into luminous filaments, connecting in an oval bubble of light. [MBE]

## [poqen kanchay](https://incaglossary.com/p/poqen-kanchay.md)

(n) Where light germinates. [TP]

## [poques](https://incaglossary.com/p/poques.md)

(n)
Innocent fool. [DYE]

## [poq'po, pukpu](https://incaglossary.com/p/poqpo.md)

(n) A bubble of living energy and, although not limited to,
commonly refers to the electromagnetic energy field surrounding the
human body. [PSPM] The living
energy fields that are intimately tied into and connected with the
human body. [ANON1] The [luminous body](https://incaglossary.com/l/luminousbody.md), the energy bubble or
field around the body. [KOAK]*See*, [kawsay poqp'o](https://incaglossary.com/k/kawsay-poqpo.md).

## [power](https://incaglossary.com/p/power.md)

(*See*, [cuenta](https://incaglossary.com/c/cuenta.md), [magnetismo](https://incaglossary.com/m/magnetismo.md),
 [huaca](https://incaglossary.com/h/huaca.md), [medicine](https://incaglossary.com/m/medicine.md).) The ancient [shamanic](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md) concept of power: magnetism, a
medium of telepathy and curing force; its concentration in the [account](https://incaglossary.com/a/account.md) of individual *power objects*
(*see*, below),
which in aggregate constitute a microcosmic mesa. Psychologically,
power objects are also a projection of the shaman's personal power; the
 [mesa](https://incaglossary.com/c/curanderomesa.md) is an extension
of the shaman as receiver/transmitter (*see*, [transistoriality](https://incaglossary.com/t/transistoriality.md)). Characteristics
of power: (1) *Knowledge*,
especially ritual knowledge, and a correct perception of reality, omens
and symbols. Knowledge is wisdom about the true nature of things. (2) *Fate*. Power can
be sought, but seeking it does not guarantee that one will attain it.
Fate, one's inner nature, determines whether or not one actually
receives power. True power seeks out the shaman. (3) *Individuality*. Power
comes only to individuals, and only to those who are worthy or ready.
It does not manifest itself to groups, and it cannot be given by one
shaman to another. (4) *Variability*. Everyone
has some power, but its amount and intensity vary from person to
person. It can increase or decrease through life. Shamans
have more than the average individual, and there are different degrees
among shamans. (5) *Success*. Without
power a person is helpless. With it, one is successful, especially in
curing or in practicing magic. (6) *Focus*. Although
power permeates everything, it is focused in certain individuals
(shamans), power objects (especially crystals, rattles, and wands or
staffs), plants (especially hallucinogens), and natural locations
(especially mountains and water holes). (7) *Ambivalence*. Power can
be used for good or evil -- however, these may be defined by the
shaman's society -- depending upon the innate disposition of the user. [WOFW]

> **Editorial note**
>
> **Probably
> the central concept of shamanism is the idea of power. Simply stated,
> this is the notion that underlying all the visible forms in the world,
> animate and inanimate, there exists a vital essence from which they
> emerge and by which they are nurtured. Ultimately everything returns to
> this ineffable, mysterious, impersonal unknown. Its manifestation in
> the universe is described by modern physical science through such
> concepts as the mass/energy equation and the space/time continuum. But
> only the shaman and the mystic actually identify with power through
> direct personal experience.** [WOFW]

## [power animal](https://incaglossary.com/p/poweranimal.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
Power animals represent a person's connection to the animal's qualities
of character and power. Power animals are common to [shamanic](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md) practice in both Eurasia and the
Americas. They are the helping or ministering spirits or familiars
which empower individuals, lineages and nations. Most persons have
power animals which empower and protect them from harm; the power
animal may also lend the wisdom or attributes of its kind to those
under its protection. [WIKI]

## [power object](https://incaglossary.com/p/powerobject.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
A sacred object imbued with unseen forces and energies which can be the
catalyst for healing.[PSPM]Although *power*
(*see*, above) permeates
everything, it is focused, e.g., in power objects (especially crystals,
rattles, and wands or staffs). Psychologically, power objects are also
a projection of the [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md)'s [personal power](https://incaglossary.com/p/personalpower.md). [WOFW]

## [pregnancy](https://incaglossary.com/p/pregnancy.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
Pregnancy was unwelcome in unmarried women. This was the real taboo and
not sexual intercourse. If the prospective father married the girl, all
was well; but if he was already married or he could not marry for
social or economic reasons, severe punishments were inflicted on both
parties -- even the penalty of death. Pregnancy was socially acceptable
but not permitted to interfere with the working activities of the woman
[who was] a very active member of the community until the time of
delivery. She was considered with a certain magic awe and respect; and
because of her evident capacity to accumulate in herself the fecundity
of her surroundings, she was not permitted to come near the cultivated
fields, lest she would steal away their fertility. Spanish chroniclers
wrote how the women gave birth, delivering usually by the side of the
road, after which they continued to walk home with their baby in arms.
This was done unaided and in a matter-of-fact manner. As soon as the
baby was born, it was bathed in cold water and tightly wrapped in
diapers. Every day he was bathed again in cold water and, if the mother
was specially affectionate, she took water into her mouth and sprayed
all the baby's body with it, sparing the head, especially the soft part
which was never touched. They said that in this way children became
used to cold and hard work. [DYE] *See*, [abortion](https://incaglossary.com/a/abortion.md), *placenta* (above), [marriage](https://incaglossary.com/m/marriage.md), [breech birth](https://incaglossary.com/b/breechbirth.md), [twins](https://incaglossary.com/t/twins.md), [birth defects](https://incaglossary.com/b/birthdefect.md), [umbilical cord](https://incaglossary.com/u/umbilicalcord.md), [ayuscay](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayuscay.md) and [midwife](https://incaglossary.com/m/midwife.md).

## [premundos](https://incaglossary.com/p/premundos.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Preworldly beings. [JLH]

## [priesthood](https://incaglossary.com/p/priesthood.md)

Languages: Eng

(n)
Their powerful control over most important matters in the [Inca realm](https://incaglossary.com/t/tawantinsuyu.md) must have created, at one
time or another, a state within a state. It should be no surprise that
the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md) saw to it that the appointment
of the [Willaq Umu](https://incaglossary.com/w/willaqumu.md) was always under his
personal control In fact, there are reasons to believe that the name *Inca*
only became the title of the emperor after a showdown between the
military and the priesthood during the early phases of the Inca
dynasty. The title of military chief was *[Sinchi](https://incaglossary.com/s/sinchi.md)*
and, the title of *Inca* existed from the very beginning but was
used only to denominate the civilian and religious authority. The
second emperor, for example, was called [Sinchi Roca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sinchiroca.md), and there is evidence to assume that some major change in the
balance of power took place before the sixth emperor adopted the name
of [Inca Roca](https://incaglossary.com/i/incaroca.md). When [Inca Wiracocha](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiracochainca.md) came to power he had
to fight a ferocious battle to maintain his authority over [Chinchisuyu](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chinchisuyu.md) because the powerful
priesthood provoked a subversive movement which almost destroyed the
empire. His son, who became *Pachacuti Inca* (*see*, above),
took command of the armies and succeeded in a victory, sending a
multitude of priests to be punished. Thus he established his fame as *Reformer
of the World*. He decreed that priests be chosen from the common
people and were therefore subject to the common law and penalty of
death. His successor, [Tupac Inca Yupanqui](https://incaglossary.com/t/tupacincayupanqui.md), added a new rule which permitted women to be ordained as
priestesses. However, the priesthood continued to be a sore spot in the
empire. [DYE]*See* , [Tarpuntaes](https://incaglossary.com/t/tarpuntaes.md)

## [prisisaqpaq](https://incaglossary.com/p/prisisaqpaq.md)

(adj) Urgent. [QP]

## [profeta](https://incaglossary.com/p/profeta.md)

Languages: Span

(n) Prophet; also,
sut'inchaj. [PSL]

## [profetizay](https://incaglossary.com/p/profetizay.md)

(v) To prophesy (sp.); also,
 [sut'inchay](https://incaglossary.com/s/sutinchay.md).
 [PSL]

## [psychopomp](https://incaglossary.com/p/psychopomp.md)

Languages: Greek

(n) From ψυχοπομπός -- *psuchopompos*, literally meaning the
"guide of souls." A being whose role is to escort newly deceased souls
to the afterlife. [WIKI] One who
has the ability to achieve multidimensional [journeying](https://incaglossary.com/j/journey.md)
for the purpose of assisting a distressed or lost soul through its
transition to another realm, most often to a more elevated dimension of
consciousness or higher vibratory rate. [PSPM] *See*, [chacaruna](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chacaruna.md).

## [pucara, pukara](https://incaglossary.com/p/pucara.md)

(n) Castle; tower; fort. [RS]A
general [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) term for a stone house or
fortification in the mountains. The [Awka Runa](https://incaglossary.com/a/awkaruna.md) had particular need of them. [MAN]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pucara.png — Puca Pucara (Red Fort) is located in the Archaeological Park of [Sacsayhuaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/sacsahuaman.md) near [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md).

## [Pucará](https://incaglossary.com/p/pucara-2.md)

A
pre-Conquest site and culture in the southern highlands of present-day
Peru in the northern basin of [Lake Titicaca](https://incaglossary.com/l/laketiticaca.md). The site is known for its unusual horseshoe-shaped temple
or sanctuary of stone masonry. Pucará-style stone sculptures and Pucará
pottery show resemblances to those of [Tiwanako](https://incaglossary.com/t/tiwanako.md),
in the southern Titicaca basin. [WBC] Pucará
flourished as a city-state from about 200 B.C. until about 200 A.D.,
and constituted a rival polity to Tiwanako. The relationship between
these two cities appears to have ranged from intense competition to
open hostility. Unlike their counterparts among some other cultures,
the pastoralists (herders of animals) of Pucará apparently had no
intention of accepting the emissaries of [Wiracocha](https://incaglossary.com/w/wiracocha.md)
(the influence of Tiwanako). The source of conflict between Pucará and
Tiwanako must have lain in the latter's commitment to fostering the
spread of agricultural civilization in which pastoralism would
necessarily play a secondary, supporting role, being told where and
when to graze their animals. [SIMA] A line
drawn on a map from Tiwanako to Cusco goes directly through Pucará,
which is exactly equidistant along this line from Cusco and Tiwanako.
This is the [Road of Wiracocha](https://incaglossary.com/r/roadofwiracocha.md). [IGMP]

## [pucuypacha](https://incaglossary.com/p/pucuypacha.md)

(n) The wet season. [AEAA]
(*See*,
 [chiraopacha](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chiraopacha.md).)

## [Pucuy Sucanca](https://incaglossary.com/p/pucuy-sucanca.md)

(n) Solar pillars in the [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md) area
marking the December solstice, the beginning of the rainy season. [AEAA]
 (*See*,
 [pucuypacha](https://incaglossary.com/p/pucuypacha.md), [sucanca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sucanca.md).)

## [pucha](https://incaglossary.com/p/pucha.md)

Languages: AYM

(n) Daughter. [ASD]

## [puchara](https://incaglossary.com/p/puchara.md)

(n) Sacred place. [CHAM]

## [puka-bufeo](https://incaglossary.com/p/puka-bufeo.md)

(n) The pink river dolphin. (*See*,
 [bufeo colorado](https://incaglossary.com/b/bufeocolorado.md).)

## [puka campachu, puca-campanilla, floripondio encarnado](https://incaglossary.com/p/pukacampachu.md)

(n) *Datura sanguinea*.
The red angel's trumpet. a small tree with beautiful red flowers. [DYE] The leaves
are used as emollients and anodynes either in the form of cataplasms or
when simply applied single and entire. The seeds are narcotic, dulling
the senses and understanding, and they are occasionally administered
with evil intent as a powder in food. Some natives assert that there
are those who have gone mad merely by lying down to sleep in the shade
of these trees. [REPC] [Caveat:
all daturas are very toxic, even deadly, when abused.] *See*, [tonga](https://incaglossary.com/t/tonga.md), [toé](https://incaglossary.com/t/toe.md), [chamico](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chamico.md), [brugmansia suaveolens](https://incaglossary.com/b/brugmansiasuaveolens.md).

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pukacampachu.jpg — The flower of puka campachu.

## [puka chirapa](https://incaglossary.com/p/puka-chirapa.md)

(n) The red rainbow, which is invisible and causes the illness
pukaungo. [AYV]

## [puka-chukchas](https://incaglossary.com/p/puka-chukchas.md)

(n) Literally, *red
haired*.
Men that travel in the rear of the [Aceropunta](https://incaglossary.com/a/aceropunta.md).
They look after the ropes so that no enemy will cause harm to those in
the ship while they are performing their healing arts. [AYV]
(*See*,
picture at [warmi murayas](https://incaglossary.com/w/warmimurayas.md).)

## [puka chunpi](https://incaglossary.com/p/puka-chunpi.md)

*See*, [chunpi](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chunpi.md).

## [puka-lupuna](https://incaglossary.com/p/puka-lupuna.md)

(n) Also known as lupuna colorado (*Cavanillesia
hylogeiton*).
This tree's [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md) is very useful to
sorcerers who do evil; her knowledge is almost always turned towards [sorcery](https://incaglossary.com/s/sorcery.md) and rarely toward [curanderos](https://incaglossary.com/c/curandero.md) that heal and save lives. This
tree also demands a rigorous [diet](https://incaglossary.com/d/diet.md) or
immediate death awaits. The tree connects the underwater world with
outer space. In Shipibo cosmology the tree is usually hollow and
contains fish, the water of its interior communicating with the waters
of the subaquatic region. The original Shipibo souls rose through the
hollow trunk to reach Heaven. The puka-lupuna is a great magician that
developed in other dimensions and came to possess this tree. The [kapukiri](https://incaglossary.com/k/kapukiri.md) produced by this tree has the
person feeling as if his/her head grows larger and feels a smarting all
over. The illness is most often located in the stomach. If the patient
is a pregnant woman, the newborn baby looks rachitic [as if it has
rickets]. [AYV]
(*See*,
 [palero](https://incaglossary.com/p/palero.md).)

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pukalupuna1.jpg — The trunk and leaves of a puka-lupuna.
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pukalupuna2.jpg — The trunk and leaves of a puka-lupuna.

## [puka-ninaruna](https://incaglossary.com/p/puka-ninaruna.md)

(n) Literally, *people
of the red flame*.
This type of [yakuruna](https://incaglossary.com/y/yakuruna.md) lives in the
largest of the underwater [cities](https://incaglossary.com/c/cities.md) and is
invoked by the murayas as an ally to
control the [anguila](https://incaglossary.com/a/anguila.md) [mama](https://incaglossary.com/m/mama.md), sea monsters, thunder and storms. [AYV]

## [puka-purahua](https://incaglossary.com/p/puka-purahua.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) A great water snake that shoots magnetic rays from her eyes
by which she is able to attract anything coming from above. She can
transform herself into boats of various shapes. [AYV]

## [puka-urcutucu](https://incaglossary.com/p/puka-urcutucu.md)

(n) The red owl, seen in the image at [sacramachaco](https://incaglossary.com/s/sacramachaco.md),
has eyes of fire and guards the shamans while they are curing. [AYV]

## [Pukina](https://incaglossary.com/p/pukina.md)

(n) An ancient [extinct] language of the [Tiwanako](https://incaglossary.com/t/tiwanako.md)
State – mother tongue of [Aymara](https://incaglossary.com/a/aymara.md) – was the
most prestigious language spoken by the elite of governors. [WAO2]
The secret language of the Inca which they used to discuss the
mysteries of the healing arts. [IMAX]
* See*, [Qhapaq Simi](https://incaglossary.com/q-prime/qhapaqsimi.md). *[Although
there are claims on the internet made by various tour companies that
several groups in the Lake Titicaca and Altiplano area still speak
Pukina, linguists count Pukina among the dead languages of the world.
-- Patt]*

## [puklla](https://incaglossary.com/p/puklla.md)

(n) Game
(a form of sacred entertainment). [ANON1] *See*, pukllay,
below.

## [pukllay](https://incaglossary.com/p/pukllay.md)

(v) To play (a game). (n) (1) A game, sports match. [QP]
(2) The uncanny ability to go to places of innocence and play. There,
the synapses are so alive. [AVO] The
playing out of a ritual. [QNO]

## [pukllay kawsay](https://incaglossary.com/p/pukllay-kawsay.md)

(n) The
game of life. [PSPM]

## [pukuchu](https://incaglossary.com/p/pukuchu.md)

(n) A bag made from the fur of an alpaca born dead, aborted or dies
immediately after birth. [ROR]
A little bag marked with yarn tassels made of the skin of an unborn
(aborted) [llama](https://incaglossary.com/ll/llama.md) which holds [coca](https://incaglossary.com/c/coca.md) leaves. This bag is used by women in the
Andes in soul retrieval ceremonies to hold the retrieved soul part
until it can be returned to the individual. [JLH]

## [puma](https://incaglossary.com/p/puma.md)

(n) A
lion (*Puma
concolor*), also
mountain lion, cougar, or panther, is a mammal of the *Felidae*
family, native to the Americas. This large, solitary cat has the
greatest range of any wild terrestrial mammal in the Western
Hemisphere, extending from Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes of
South America. An adaptable, generalist species, the puma is found in
every major New World habitat type. It is the second heaviest cat in
the New World, after the jaguar, and the fourth heaviest in the world,
after the tiger, lion, and jaguar, although it is most closely related
to smaller felines. A capable stalk-and-ambush predator, the puma
pursues a wide variety of prey. It prefers habitats with dense
underbrush for stalking, but it can live in open areas. The puma is
territorial and persists at low population densities. Individual
territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey.
While it is a large predator, it is not always the dominant species in
its range. It is a reclusive cat and usually avoids people. With its
vast range, the cougar has dozens of names and various references in
the mythology of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and in
contemporary culture. [WIKI] (2) An [archetype](https://incaglossary.com/a/archetype.md) of the [Kaypacha](https://incaglossary.com/k/kaypacha.md). (*See*, [Puma Runa](https://incaglossary.com/p/pumaruna.md).) [IGMP] The puma
is sometimes interchanged in this mythology with the [jaguar](https://incaglossary.com/j/jaguar.md), although the two species have
different habitat preferences. For example, [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md)
is sometimes called the Jaguar City, although a section of the city is
named the Pumap Chupan, or *Tail
of the Puma*. (*See*, [Appendix D](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/d) for map.) Some teachers of [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/i/inca.md) shamanism use the jaguar as the archetype
of the Kaypacha. [PGO] The master
of the kaypacha who can survive from the coastal deserts to the highest
mountains; a symbol of the impeccable use of the mind as an
enlightened, sun-oriented principle; a symbol of right action, the
perfect physical body aligned to use in the kaypacha. [ANON1]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/puma.jpg — The puma, or mountain lion, is an archetype for the Kaypacha.

## [puma chucu, pumacuchu, ratanhia, mapato](https://incaglossary.com/p/puma-chucu.md)

(n) *Krameria triandra*. Commonly
known as rhatany, ratany or rattany. Rhatany is also the name given to
krameria root, a botanical remedy consisting of the dried root of para
rhatany (Krameria argentea) or Peruvian rhatany (Krameria lappacea).
The biological action of rhatany is caused by the astringent
rhataniatannic acid, which is similar to tannic acid. Infusions have
been used as a gargle, a lozenge, especially when mixed with cocaine,
as a local hemostatic and remedy for diarrhea. When finely powdered,
the dried roots furnished a frequent constituent of tooth powders. The
powdered roots have also served to color wines ruby red. The root bark
contains an almost insoluble free red substance called ratanhia red. [WIKI] Rhatany is
a plant that is fairly uncommon. The root is used as medicine. Related
plants (other Krameria species) are sometimes secretly added to rhatany
preparations to expand the amount of product provided. People take
rhatany for intestinal swelling (enteritis) and chest pain (angina).
Rhatany is sometimes used as a mouthwash or gargle for mild mouth and
throat irritation, swollen gums, cracked tongue, and canker sores. It
is also applied to the skin for leg ulcers and for swelling and
itchiness caused by cold and damp weather (chillblains). [WEBMD] The roots
have excellent styptic properties that can staunch the flow of blood,
according to native belief. The dose for a decoction is half an ounce
of dry root or one drachma [dram] of its water extract weakened with
two or three ounces of ordinary water.  This root is good for
cleansing and strengthening the teeth. It surpasses in efficiency all
other herbs which are employed at the present time to staunch the flow
of blood and lacks the evil after-effects that other astringents cause.
Experiments with more than one thousand persons who have taken the
extract under the care of the best physicians bear out the statement. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pumachucu.jpg — Puma chucu leaves, flowers, root, seeds. [WIKI]

## [Puma Runa](https://incaglossary.com/p/pumaruna.md)

(n) (1) A
shaman dedicated to ceremonies associated with the puma. The puma is
shy but fearless, fleet and fast, secretive, and as animals of the
night, hard to see. According to Andean belief, a [shaman](https://incaglossary.com/s/shaman.md) has similar characteristics. [ACAI] (*See*, [Awakening the Puma](https://incaglossary.com/a/awakeningthepuma.md).
(2) There are a lot of these [Puma](https://incaglossary.com/p/puma.md) People
coming to Earth at this time, coming with the new [Pachacuti](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacuti.md). The puma is a warrior. The
puma has balance. The puma has purpose. The Puma Runa have these same
qualities in their spiritual quest as they experience all the worlds
and their realities. A potential puma lives in every person. The puma
walks alone, so part of our spiritual journey is alone. Only you can
bring the heavy energies from inside of you. The great teaching of the
puma is that it is the animal with the least ego, never seeking to be
seen. You don't see the puma, only where it has been. [IGMP] (*See*, [luminous warrior](https://incaglossary.com/l/luminouswarrior.md).)

## [pumas-sirenas](https://incaglossary.com/p/pumas-sirenas.md)

(n) Mythical creatures with the body and a hair of a woman but the face
of a tiger, with very hypnotic tails. They are used by the [murayas](https://incaglossary.com/m/muraya.md) to catch the [bufeos colorados](https://incaglossary.com/b/bufeocolorado.md) who sometimes rob
women and make them pregnant. With the help of the puma-sirenas, the
murayas are able to rescue these women and release them from their
pregnancy (sp). [AYV]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/droppedImage-362.jpg

## [puna](https://incaglossary.com/p/puna.md)

(n) Lofty region; elevated, cold plain. [RS]
Usually above 12,000 feet, treeless and covered in grass. [CSCR] Land over
3,900 meters above sea level. [RDP] (*See*, [quechua](https://incaglossary.com/q/quechua-quichua.md), [suni](https://incaglossary.com/s/suni.md))

## [Punchao, Punchau, p'unchaw](https://incaglossary.com/p/punchao.md)

(n) (1) Young androgynous child (4 or 5 yrs. old)
that is an archetype of God, the Light of Lights. [JLH]

(2) Another name for the Inca sun god. He was usually depicted as a
warrior armed with darts. [WMO]
(3) The principal image of the [Qoricancha](https://incaglossary.com/q/qoricancha.md).
Meaning *day,
image of the sun* or
*image of the dawn*,
a cast gold man-sized effigy described by Viceroy Toledo as having "a
heart of dough in a golden chalice inside the body of the idol, this
dough being of a powder made from the hearts of dead Incas." This most
important image of [Inti](https://incaglossary.com/i/inti.md) was captured with [Tupac Amaru](https://incaglossary.com/t/tupacamaru.md) [in [Vilcabamba](https://incaglossary.com/v/vilcabamba.md) in 1572] and *probably*
melted for its gold by Viceroy Toledo. [COI]
There is an account that it exists in the royal collections of Spain. [WME]The
statue was kept in a shed located in front of that square [in front of
the Qoricancha] which was used to venerate Punchao (a representation of
the Sun that consisted of a pure-gold statue that was as high as a
ten-year old child). It remained there during the day and in the night
was taken to the square to be worshiped; the idol "slept" accompanied
by many [ñust'as](https://incaglossary.com/n/nyusta.md) in a close shed,
outside the ground, and then it was returned to its original place in
the morning. [CPO]
(4) Day. [RS] (*See*,
 [Epunamun](https://incaglossary.com/e/epunamun.md), [mallqui](https://incaglossary.com/m/mallqui.md).)

## [punkisqa](https://incaglossary.com/p/punkisqa.md)

(adj) Swollen. [PSL]

## [punkiy](https://incaglossary.com/p/punkiy.md)

(v) To swell. [PSL]

## [punku](https://incaglossary.com/p/punku.md)

(n) Gate,
door; mountain pass. [ANON1]

## [Puno](https://incaglossary.com/p/puno.md)

A city
near [Lake Titicaca](https://incaglossary.com/l/laketiticaca.md). According to
legend, [Manco Capac](https://incaglossary.com/m/manco-capac.md), the first Inca,
rose from the Lake and traveled by what is now Puno on his way to [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md). Later, he returned to the Lake and
stopped to rest in Puno. (*See*, [puñuy](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuy.md).) [IGMP]

## [Punpuri](https://incaglossary.com/p/punpuri.md)

(n) Village north of PotosÍ where believers crawl around the cemetery
at midnight hoping to be healed by the local saint. [PSL]

## [puñuchacuni](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuchacuni.md)

(n) The
irresistible tendency to fall asleep. [DYE]

## [puñuchiy](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuchiy.md)

(v) To put to sleep. [PSL]

## [puñuna](https://incaglossary.com/p/pununa.md)

(n) Bed. [PSL]

## [puñuskiri](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuskiri.md)

(adj)
Eternally deadened. [RS]

## [puñuypayani](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuypayani.md)

(n)
Extremely prolonged sleep. [DYE]

## [puñuy](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuy.md)

(v) To sleep. [PSL]

## [puñuy atiy, puñuy atiwan](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuy-atiy.md)

(v) To be sleepy. [PSL]

## [puñuy aysay](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuy-aysay.md)

(adj) Sleepy. [QP]

## [puñuysapa](https://incaglossary.com/p/punuysapa.md)

(adj) Sleepy, drowsy. [PSL]

## [Puquín Cancha](https://incaglossary.com/p/puquin-cancha.md)

A temple of the sun on the hill of Puquín where a portion of the [Qhapaq Raymi](https://incaglossary.com/q-prime/qhapaq-raymi.md) celebrations took
place. [AEAA]

## [puqyu, pukio, pujyu, pukyu, pukyo, pucyu](https://incaglossary.com/p/puqyu.md)

(n) (1) Well of light, like a [chakra](https://incaglossary.com/c/chakra.md) or [energy center](https://incaglossary.com/e/energycenter.md). [JLH]
(2) A spring. Well or fountain. [PSL]
Source, natural spring, well. [RS]

## [purahua](https://incaglossary.com/p/purahua.md)

Languages: Amaz

*See*,
 [supay-lancha](https://incaglossary.com/s/supay-lancha.md).

## [purampsii](https://incaglossary.com/p/purampsii.md)

, China
root: (n) *Smilax China*. An infusion of the roots is frequently
used by the Indians to relieve rheumatic pains and as an excellent
sudorific [causes sweating]. [REPC] The
rhizome of purampsii can be used in the form of powder or
paste, cooked or raw. The daily intake of the rhizome should not
exceed 10 grams a day, as heavy dosage may result in nausea and
vomiting. Pregnant and lactating women should avoid purampsii
formulations as it may affect their health. It is used for white
discharge or leukorrhea in women. It has been found to be quite
effective in controlling the problem. Purampsii contains several
medicinal properties including control of swellings
(anti-inflammatory), removal of pus from wounds, promotion of
urine (diuretic), bringing down high body temperature, removing
gas (flatulence) and clearing bowels. The most important medicinal
properties of purampsii however, are its ability to fight
psoriasis, syphilis and leprosy. It is a preferred
herbal treatment for psoriasis. Purampsii powder is also
prescribed as a general health tonic. It is bitter in taste. A
little quantity of powder can be taken after meals to tone up the
body system and purify the blood. Available in herbal stores,it
can be used for skin ailments like psoriasis, leprosy and venereal
diseases like syphilis. There are formulations which serve as
aphrodisiac, besides improving the sperm count. [IHC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/purampsii.jpg — Purampsii leaves and berries.
- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/purampsii2.jpg — Purampsii rhizomes.

## [purga](https://incaglossary.com/p/purga.md)

Languages: Span

(n) A purgative, referring to [ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayahuasca.md).
 [MSIN]

## [purga misma te ensena, la](https://incaglossary.com/p/purgamismateensena.md)

( Span)*:
(Expr.)* The
purgative itself teaches you. [MSIN]

## [purguero](https://incaglossary.com/p/purguero.md)

Languages: Span

A [vegetalista](https://incaglossary.com/v/vegetalista.md) who uses [ayahuasca](https://incaglossary.com/a/ayahuasca.md). [MSIN]

## [puru](https://incaglossary.com/p/puru.md)

(n) A drinking vessel made from a tropical gourd used in ritual. [ROR]

## [purucaya](https://incaglossary.com/p/purucaya.md)

(n) Festival honoring the [Sapa Incas](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md).
 [HOI]

## [purun llaqta](https://incaglossary.com/p/purun-llaqta.md)

(n) Ruins. [QP]

## [purunmachus](https://incaglossary.com/p/purunmachus.md)

(n)
Literally, *wild old men*. [RS]
 Sarcophagi located at [Carajía](https://incaglossary.com/c/carajia.md) (*see*, for
picture and more context). [WOTC]

## [puruña](https://incaglossary.com/p/puruna.md)

(n) An earthen jar used in rituals to hold water. [ROR]

## [Purun Runa](https://incaglossary.com/p/purunruna.md)

(n) The people of the [Third Sun](https://incaglossary.com/t/thirdsun.md).
Literally, *the
wild people*.
Despite their name, civilization was increasing in complexity: people
had learned to spin, dye and weave [llama](https://incaglossary.com/ll/llama.md)
wool; they practiced more sophisticated agriculture, they mined and
worked metals. The population of the world increased, and people found
it necessary to migrate from the Andes into the lowlands. They lived in
towns, each with its own king, and there was conflict between towns and
regions. The people generally called their creator [Pachacamac](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacamac.md) in this era. [MAN]
(*See*,
 [pachacuti](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacuti.md).)

## [pururaucas](https://incaglossary.com/p/pururaucas.md)

(n) Stones miraculously turned into warriors during the siege of [Cusco](https://incaglossary.com/c/cusco.md). [Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui](https://incaglossary.com/p/pachacutiinca.md) called upon divine help in the war against the [Chancas](https://incaglossary.com/appendix/n#chancas), whereupon the stones in the
field rose up as armed men to fight beside the [Inca](https://incaglossary.com/s/sapainca.md). After the battle, Pachacuti ordered
the stones gathered up and distributed among the city's shrines. The
stones became [huacas](https://incaglossary.com/h/huaca.md). [MAN]

## [pusanga](https://incaglossary.com/p/pusanga.md)

Languages: Amaz

(n) Spell, [witchcraft](https://incaglossary.com/witch); a talisman
charged to dominate or attract sexually. [THIM]
 [AYV]
Love magic ritual of the Peruvian Amazon that causes one (either male
or female) to fall madly in love with the other person (for sex, love
or marriage purposes). In Peru this practice is very common, and is
widely and accepted by all parts of society, without the negative
associations in Western culture. [EMM]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/pusanga.jpg — Pusanga herbs.

## [pusaq](https://incaglossary.com/p/pusaq.md)

(n) A guide (person). [QP]

## [pusnu](https://incaglossary.com/p/pusnu.md)

(n) A
lowered, recessed, or concave ceremonial space such as a sunken plaza
in a temple or a low open space for rituals and offerings; for example,
the main plaza at [Chavin de Huantar](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chavindehuantar.md); the [yanantin](https://incaglossary.com/y/yanantin.md) of the [usnu](https://incaglossary.com/u/usnu.md) forming half of the Andean cross ([chacana](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chacana.md)). [ANON1]

## [putu](https://incaglossary.com/p/putu.md)

(n)
Skull. Often seen on a healer's altar as a healing tool. [ANON1]

## [Putukusi](https://incaglossary.com/p/putukusi.md)

The name of the female mountain just at the entrance to the ruins of [Machu Picchu](https://incaglossary.com/m/machupicchu.md). Her name means *Flowering
Joy*. [QNO] :
 *Always flowering* or *always happy* mountain.
 [IGMP]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/putukusi.jpg — Putukusi.

## [pututu, putu](https://incaglossary.com/p/pututu.md)

(n) Sea shell or cow horn trumpet. [PSL]
Conch shell horn used in ritual for the transmuting and dispersal of [hucha](https://incaglossary.com/h/hucha.md) and calling out to spirit allies. [ANON1] *See*, [ch'aski](https://incaglossary.com/ch/chaski.md) and [strombus conch shell](https://incaglossary.com/s/strombusconch.md).

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/paint242.jpg

## [puya, cardón](https://incaglossary.com/p/puya.md)

(n) *Puya chilensis*. A terrestrial bromeliad originating from
the arid hillsides of Chile. An evergreen perennial, it forms large,
dense rosettes of grey-green, strap-like leaves edged with hooked
spines. The green or yellow flowers are borne on spikes which resemble
a medieval mace, and stand up to 2m high. Spreading by offsets, *Puya
chilensis* can colonise large areas over time. Growth is slow and
plants may take twenty years or more to flower. The outer two thirds of
the leaf blade bears outward pointing spines which may be an adaptation
to prevent herbivores from reaching the center of the plant. The plant
is believed to be hazardous to sheep and birds which may become
entangled in the spines of the leaves. It has been suggested that if
the animal dies the plant may gain nutrients as the animal decomposes
nearby. Fibers from the leaves are used to weave durable fishing-nets. [WIKI] An
excellent extract for setting fractures is gotten from the long stalk
of the inflorescence of this plant. The nectar of the flowers is
fragrant and tasty; when applied to an aching ear, it is said to lessen
the pain and to cure the ailment. [REPC]

- Image: https://incaglossary.com/images/P_files/puya.jpg — Puya. [WIKI]

## [puyhuan](https://incaglossary.com/p/puyhuan.md)

(n) An
animal's heart. [DYE] *See*, [sonqo](https://incaglossary.com/s/sonqo.md).

## [puyhuan sonqoyok](https://incaglossary.com/p/puyhuan-sonqoyok.md)

(n)
Literally, *man with a beastly heart*. A man whose intellectual
capacity was clearly deficient. [DYE]*See*, [sonqo](https://incaglossary.com/s/sonqo.md).

## Sources

- **ACAI**: The Andean Codex, J.E. Williams
- **ACES**: *At the Crossroads of Earth and Sky*, Urton
- **AEAA**: *Astronomy and Empire in the Ancient Andes*, Bauer and Dearborn
- **AHC**: www.amazonhub.com
- **AMZ**: amazon.com
- **ANON1**: anonymous donor 1. Click * for explanation.
- **ASD**: *Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara*
- **AVO**: my notes from Alberto Villoldo, various writings and lectures
- **AWE**: www.anthropology.wisc.edu
- **AYV**: *Ayahuasca Visions,* Luna
- **BOC**: bruceowen.com/contisuyo/VirtualMuseoE.html
- **CHAM**: Chamalu, Luis Espinoza
- **COI**: *Conquest of the Incas*, Hemming
- **CPO**: www.cusco-peru.org
- **CSCR**: *Cut Stones and Crossroads*, Wright
- **DRB**: www.daemonraven.bravehost.com/inca.html
- **DYE**: Source not listed on the original Text Sources page.
- **ELC**: entheology.com
- **EMM**: www.ayahuasca-shamanism.co.uk/
- **EPP**: *Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants*, Rätsch
- **GM**: www.gaiameditations.com
- **GOL**: *The Gift of Life*, Glass-Coffin.
- **GPA**: *El primer nueva coronica y buen gobierno, *Poma de Ayala.
- **GSC**: *The Gods and Social Change in the High Andes*, Gow
- **HDP**: www.hc09.dial.pipex.com
- **HOI**: *History of the Incas,* Sarmiento de Gamboa
- **IAWS**: *Mythology, Illustrated Anthology of World Myth & Storytelling*
- **ICC**: *Inca Civilization in Cuzco*, Zuidema
- **IGMP**: *Andean Awakening*, Delgado
- **IHC**: indiaheals.blogspot.com
- **IMAX**: IMAX - Amazon (DVD)
- **IPC**: www.infoplease.com
- **JAR**: Journal of Anthropological Research
- **JLH**: Jose Luis Herrera, various lectures
- **JNP**: Juan Nunez del Prado
- **KOAK**: *Keepers of the Ancient knowledge*, Wilcox
- **MAN**: *Mythology of the American Nations*, Jones and Molyneaux
- **MBE**: home.earthlink.net/~megbeeler
- **MOC**: *Mountain of the Condor*, Bastien
- **MSIN**: conference paper *The Concept of Plants as Teachers among four Mestizo Shamans of Iquitos, Northeastern Perú*, Luna
- **NFL**: www.nflc.org/REACH/7ca/enCAInca.htm
- **NND**: www.netnaturdoktoren.dk/ordbog.htm
- **PDB**: www.plantsdb.gr/en/
- **PGO**: Patt Grantham O’Neill, personal definitions I write when I cannot find a good one elsewhere.
- **PRM**: Pilgrimage and Ritual Movement (paper)
- **PSL**: www.geocities.com/phillott/Bolivia/Dictionary02.htm  Bolivian Quechua
- **PSPM**: *Pachakuti Mesa*, Magee
- **QNO**: www.quechuanetwork.org
- **QP**: *Quechua Phrasebook* , Coronel-Molina
- **RDP**: *Raíces del Presente*, Sebastiano.
- **REPC**: *Ruiz as an Ethnopharmacologist in Peru and Chile, *Schultes [taxonomy accuracy questionable]
- **RMFA**: Source not listed on the original Text Sources page.
- **ROR**: *Rituals of Respect*, Bolin
- **RS**: runasimi.de
- **RTZ1**: www.colorado.edu/Conferences/pilgrimage/papers/Zuidema.html
- **SEES**: Crowell's Spanish-English and English-Spanish Dictionary
- **SIMA**: *The Secret of the Incas: Myth, Astronomy, and the War Against Time, *Sullivan
- **THIM**: *The Three Halves of Ino Moxo*
- **TLD**: *Tri-Lingual Dictionary*, Hornberger
- **TOP**: *Tales of Power*, Castaneda
- **TP**: Theo Paredes (my class notes and personal correspondence)
- **WAHC**: www.amazonhub.com
- **WANC**: www.artnews.com
- **WAO2**: www.aymara.org/histo_eng.php
- **WBC**: www.britannica.com
- **WEBMD**: www.webmd.com/
- **WIC**: www.informationclub.com
- **WIKI**: en.wikipedia.org (no www)
- **WME**: www.wmich.edu/~ovpr/recognition-archive.htm
- **WMO**: www.mythome.org
- **WOFW**: Source not listed on the original Text Sources page.
- **WOTC**: *Warriors of the Clouds*, Muscutt
- **WPAP**: www.pachacamac.net
- **WPO**: www.pantheon.org
- **WSEC**: www.shamanic-extracts.com